Varying Intensities of Introgression Obscure Incipient Venom-Associated Speciation in the Timber Rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>)

Ecologically divergent selection can lead to the evolution of reproductive isolation through the process of ecological speciation, but the balance of responsible evolutionary forces is often obscured by an inadequate assessment of demographic history and the genetics of traits under selection. Snake...

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Autores principales:	Mark J. Margres, Kenneth P. Wray, Dragana Sanader, Preston J. McDonald, Lauren M. Trumbull, Austin H. Patton, Darin R. Rokyta
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	adaptation venom genome ecological speciation Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c10ec7caf4e340b19010283c077bb483
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c10ec7caf4e340b19010283c077bb4832021-11-25T19:08:47ZVarying Intensities of Introgression Obscure Incipient Venom-Associated Speciation in the Timber Rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>)10.3390/toxins131107822072-6651https://doaj.org/article/c10ec7caf4e340b19010283c077bb4832021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/782https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651Ecologically divergent selection can lead to the evolution of reproductive isolation through the process of ecological speciation, but the balance of responsible evolutionary forces is often obscured by an inadequate assessment of demographic history and the genetics of traits under selection. Snake venoms have emerged as a system for studying the genetic basis of adaptation because of their genetic tractability and contributions to fitness, and speciation in venomous snakes can be associated with ecological diversification such as dietary shifts and corresponding venom changes. Here, we explored the neurotoxic (type A)–hemotoxic (type B) venom dichotomy and the potential for ecological speciation among Timber Rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>) populations. Previous work identified the genetic basis of this phenotypic difference, enabling us to characterize the roles geography, history, ecology, selection, and chance play in determining when and why new species emerge or are absorbed. We identified significant genetic, proteomic, morphological, and ecological/environmental differences at smaller spatial scales, suggestive of incipient ecological speciation between type A and type B <i>C. horridus</i>. Range-wide analyses, however, rejected the reciprocal monophyly of venom type, indicative of varying intensities of introgression and a lack of reproductive isolation across the range. Given that we have now established the phenotypic distributions and ecological niche models of type A and B populations, genome-wide data are needed and capable of determining whether type A and type B <i>C. horridus</i> represent distinct, reproductively isolated lineages due to incipient ecological speciation or differentiated populations within a single species.Mark J. MargresKenneth P. WrayDragana SanaderPreston J. McDonaldLauren M. TrumbullAustin H. PattonDarin R. RokytaMDPI AGarticleadaptationvenomgenomeecological speciationMedicineRENToxins, Vol 13, Iss 782, p 782 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	adaptation venom genome ecological speciation Medicine R
spellingShingle	adaptation venom genome ecological speciation Medicine R Mark J. Margres Kenneth P. Wray Dragana Sanader Preston J. McDonald Lauren M. Trumbull Austin H. Patton Darin R. Rokyta Varying Intensities of Introgression Obscure Incipient Venom-Associated Speciation in the Timber Rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>)
description	Ecologically divergent selection can lead to the evolution of reproductive isolation through the process of ecological speciation, but the balance of responsible evolutionary forces is often obscured by an inadequate assessment of demographic history and the genetics of traits under selection. Snake venoms have emerged as a system for studying the genetic basis of adaptation because of their genetic tractability and contributions to fitness, and speciation in venomous snakes can be associated with ecological diversification such as dietary shifts and corresponding venom changes. Here, we explored the neurotoxic (type A)–hemotoxic (type B) venom dichotomy and the potential for ecological speciation among Timber Rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>) populations. Previous work identified the genetic basis of this phenotypic difference, enabling us to characterize the roles geography, history, ecology, selection, and chance play in determining when and why new species emerge or are absorbed. We identified significant genetic, proteomic, morphological, and ecological/environmental differences at smaller spatial scales, suggestive of incipient ecological speciation between type A and type B <i>C. horridus</i>. Range-wide analyses, however, rejected the reciprocal monophyly of venom type, indicative of varying intensities of introgression and a lack of reproductive isolation across the range. Given that we have now established the phenotypic distributions and ecological niche models of type A and B populations, genome-wide data are needed and capable of determining whether type A and type B <i>C. horridus</i> represent distinct, reproductively isolated lineages due to incipient ecological speciation or differentiated populations within a single species.
format	article
author	Mark J. Margres Kenneth P. Wray Dragana Sanader Preston J. McDonald Lauren M. Trumbull Austin H. Patton Darin R. Rokyta
author_facet	Mark J. Margres Kenneth P. Wray Dragana Sanader Preston J. McDonald Lauren M. Trumbull Austin H. Patton Darin R. Rokyta
author_sort	Mark J. Margres
title	Varying Intensities of Introgression Obscure Incipient Venom-Associated Speciation in the Timber Rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>)
title_short	Varying Intensities of Introgression Obscure Incipient Venom-Associated Speciation in the Timber Rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>)
title_full	Varying Intensities of Introgression Obscure Incipient Venom-Associated Speciation in the Timber Rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>)
title_fullStr	Varying Intensities of Introgression Obscure Incipient Venom-Associated Speciation in the Timber Rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>)
title_full_unstemmed	Varying Intensities of Introgression Obscure Incipient Venom-Associated Speciation in the Timber Rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>)
title_sort	varying intensities of introgression obscure incipient venom-associated speciation in the timber rattlesnake (<i>crotalus horridus</i>)
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c10ec7caf4e340b19010283c077bb483
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Varying Intensities of Introgression Obscure Incipient Venom-Associated Speciation in the Timber Rattlesnake (<i>Crotalus horridus</i>)

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