Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells

Sangiliyandi Gurunathan,1 Jegadeesh Raman,2 Sri Nurestri Abd Malek,2 Priscilla A John,2 Sabaratnam Vikineswary2 1Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; 2Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)...

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Autores principales:	Gurunathan S, Raman J, Malek SN, John PA, Vikineswary S
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2013
Materias:	Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c15addc9d3c941abb2be3373867e3aa4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c15addc9d3c941abb2be3373867e3aa42021-12-02T05:02:07ZGreen synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells1176-91141178-2013https://doaj.org/article/c15addc9d3c941abb2be3373867e3aa42013-11-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/green-synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles-using-ganoderma-neo-japonicum--a14996https://doaj.org/toc/1176-9114https://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Sangiliyandi Gurunathan,1 Jegadeesh Raman,2 Sri Nurestri Abd Malek,2 Priscilla A John,2 Sabaratnam Vikineswary2 1Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; 2Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are an important class of nanomaterial for a wide range of industrial and biomedical applications. AgNPs have been used as antimicrobial and disinfectant agents due their detrimental effect on target cells. The aim of our study was to determine the cytotoxic effects of biologically synthesized AgNPs using hot aqueous extracts of the mycelia of Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Methods: We developed a green method for the synthesis of water-soluble AgNPs by treating silver ions with hot aqueous extract of the mycelia of G. neo-japonicum. The formation of AgNPs was characterized by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the toxicity of synthesized AgNPs was evaluated using a series of assays: such as cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase leakage, reactive oxygen species generation, caspase 3, DNA laddering, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Results: The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy results showed a strong resonance centered on the surface of AgNPs at 420 nm. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the synthesized AgNPs were single-crystalline, corresponding with the result of transmission electron microscopy. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with various concentrations of AgNPs (1–10 µg/mL) for 24 hours revealed that AgNPs could inhibit cell viability and induce membrane leakage in a dose-dependent manner. Cells exposed to AgNPs showed increased reactive oxygen species and hydroxyl radical production. Furthermore, the apoptotic effects of AgNPs were confirmed by activation of caspase 3 and DNA nuclear fragmentation. Conclusion: The results indicate that AgNPs possess cytotoxic effects with apoptotic features and suggest that the reactive oxygen species generated by AgNPs have a significant role in apoptosis. The present findings suggest that AgNPs could contribute to the development of a suitable anticancer drug, which may lead to the development of a novel nanomedicine for the treatment of cancers. Keywords: AgNPs, Ganoderma neo-japonicum, human breast cancer cells, cytotoxicity, caspase-3 activity, DNA fragmentationGurunathan SRaman JMalek SNJohn PAVikineswary SDove Medical PressarticleMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol 2013, Iss Issue 1, Pp 4399-4413 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Medicine (General) R5-920 Gurunathan S Raman J Malek SN John PA Vikineswary S Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells
description	Sangiliyandi Gurunathan,1 Jegadeesh Raman,2 Sri Nurestri Abd Malek,2 Priscilla A John,2 Sabaratnam Vikineswary2 1Department of Animal Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea; 2Mushroom Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Background: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are an important class of nanomaterial for a wide range of industrial and biomedical applications. AgNPs have been used as antimicrobial and disinfectant agents due their detrimental effect on target cells. The aim of our study was to determine the cytotoxic effects of biologically synthesized AgNPs using hot aqueous extracts of the mycelia of Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Methods: We developed a green method for the synthesis of water-soluble AgNPs by treating silver ions with hot aqueous extract of the mycelia of G. neo-japonicum. The formation of AgNPs was characterized by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the toxicity of synthesized AgNPs was evaluated using a series of assays: such as cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase leakage, reactive oxygen species generation, caspase 3, DNA laddering, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling in human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). Results: The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy results showed a strong resonance centered on the surface of AgNPs at 420 nm. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the synthesized AgNPs were single-crystalline, corresponding with the result of transmission electron microscopy. Treatment of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with various concentrations of AgNPs (1–10 µg/mL) for 24 hours revealed that AgNPs could inhibit cell viability and induce membrane leakage in a dose-dependent manner. Cells exposed to AgNPs showed increased reactive oxygen species and hydroxyl radical production. Furthermore, the apoptotic effects of AgNPs were confirmed by activation of caspase 3 and DNA nuclear fragmentation. Conclusion: The results indicate that AgNPs possess cytotoxic effects with apoptotic features and suggest that the reactive oxygen species generated by AgNPs have a significant role in apoptosis. The present findings suggest that AgNPs could contribute to the development of a suitable anticancer drug, which may lead to the development of a novel nanomedicine for the treatment of cancers. Keywords: AgNPs, Ganoderma neo-japonicum, human breast cancer cells, cytotoxicity, caspase-3 activity, DNA fragmentation
format	article
author	Gurunathan S Raman J Malek SN John PA Vikineswary S
author_facet	Gurunathan S Raman J Malek SN John PA Vikineswary S
author_sort	Gurunathan S
title	Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells
title_short	Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells
title_full	Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells
title_fullStr	Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells
title_full_unstemmed	Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells
title_sort	green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using ganoderma neo-japonicum imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/c15addc9d3c941abb2be3373867e3aa4
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Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ganoderma neo-japonicum Imazeki: a potential cytotoxic agent against breast cancer cells

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