Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review

Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they induce analgesic tolerance, addiction and numerous behavioural adverse effects that often result in patient non-compliance....

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Autores principales:	Alok K. Paul, Craig M. Smith, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Veeranoot Nissapatorn, Polrat Wilairatana, Mariana Spetea, Nuri Gueven, Nikolas Dietis
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	opioids morphine analgesia chronic pain behaviour adverse effects Medicine R Pharmacy and materia medica RS1-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c1a9387e61174d7ca0d7bea707da66e9
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c1a9387e61174d7ca0d7bea707da66e92021-11-25T18:39:16ZOpioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review10.3390/ph141110911424-8247https://doaj.org/article/c1a9387e61174d7ca0d7bea707da66e92021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/11/1091https://doaj.org/toc/1424-8247Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they induce analgesic tolerance, addiction and numerous behavioural adverse effects that often result in patient non-compliance. As opium and opioids have been traditionally used as painkillers, the exact mechanisms of their adverse reactions over repeated use are multifactorial and not fully understood. Older adults suffer from cancer and non-cancer chronic pain more than younger adults, due to the physiological changes related to ageing and their reduced metabolic capabilities and thus show an increased number of adverse reactions to opioid drugs. All clinically used opioids are μ-opioid receptor agonists, and the major adverse effects are directly or potentially connected to this receptor. Multifunctional opioid ligands or peripherally restricted opioids may elicit fewer adverse effects, as shown in preclinical studies, but these results need reproducibility from further extensive clinical trials. The current review aims to overview various mechanisms involved in the adverse effects induced by opioids, to provide a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and, ultimately, to help develop an effective therapeutic strategy to better manage pain.Alok K. PaulCraig M. SmithMohammed RahmatullahVeeranoot NissapatornPolrat WilairatanaMariana SpeteaNuri GuevenNikolas DietisMDPI AGarticleopioidsmorphineanalgesiachronic painbehaviouradverse effectsMedicineRPharmacy and materia medicaRS1-441ENPharmaceuticals, Vol 14, Iss 1091, p 1091 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	opioids morphine analgesia chronic pain behaviour adverse effects Medicine R Pharmacy and materia medica RS1-441
spellingShingle	opioids morphine analgesia chronic pain behaviour adverse effects Medicine R Pharmacy and materia medica RS1-441 Alok K. Paul Craig M. Smith Mohammed Rahmatullah Veeranoot Nissapatorn Polrat Wilairatana Mariana Spetea Nuri Gueven Nikolas Dietis Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review
description	Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they induce analgesic tolerance, addiction and numerous behavioural adverse effects that often result in patient non-compliance. As opium and opioids have been traditionally used as painkillers, the exact mechanisms of their adverse reactions over repeated use are multifactorial and not fully understood. Older adults suffer from cancer and non-cancer chronic pain more than younger adults, due to the physiological changes related to ageing and their reduced metabolic capabilities and thus show an increased number of adverse reactions to opioid drugs. All clinically used opioids are μ-opioid receptor agonists, and the major adverse effects are directly or potentially connected to this receptor. Multifunctional opioid ligands or peripherally restricted opioids may elicit fewer adverse effects, as shown in preclinical studies, but these results need reproducibility from further extensive clinical trials. The current review aims to overview various mechanisms involved in the adverse effects induced by opioids, to provide a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and, ultimately, to help develop an effective therapeutic strategy to better manage pain.
format	article
author	Alok K. Paul Craig M. Smith Mohammed Rahmatullah Veeranoot Nissapatorn Polrat Wilairatana Mariana Spetea Nuri Gueven Nikolas Dietis
author_facet	Alok K. Paul Craig M. Smith Mohammed Rahmatullah Veeranoot Nissapatorn Polrat Wilairatana Mariana Spetea Nuri Gueven Nikolas Dietis
author_sort	Alok K. Paul
title	Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review
title_short	Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review
title_full	Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review
title_fullStr	Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review
title_full_unstemmed	Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review
title_sort	opioid analgesia and opioid-induced adverse effects: a review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c1a9387e61174d7ca0d7bea707da66e9
work_keys_str_mv	AT alokkpaul opioidanalgesiaandopioidinducedadverseeffectsareview AT craigmsmith opioidanalgesiaandopioidinducedadverseeffectsareview AT mohammedrahmatullah opioidanalgesiaandopioidinducedadverseeffectsareview AT veeranootnissapatorn opioidanalgesiaandopioidinducedadverseeffectsareview AT polratwilairatana opioidanalgesiaandopioidinducedadverseeffectsareview AT marianaspetea opioidanalgesiaandopioidinducedadverseeffectsareview AT nurigueven opioidanalgesiaandopioidinducedadverseeffectsareview AT nikolasdietis opioidanalgesiaandopioidinducedadverseeffectsareview
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Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review

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