The Impact of Vertical Salinity Gradient on Non-Line-of-Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication
The non-line-of-sight (NLOS) underwater communication can offer a viable route in signal propagation and coverage, thus mitigating the pointing, acquisition, and tracking difficulties in line-of-sight optical communication. However, implementing the NLOS link is non-trivial. While the NLOS technique...
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2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:c1c1427253d94260835a86f97263825d2021-11-09T00:00:09ZThe Impact of Vertical Salinity Gradient on Non-Line-of-Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication1943-065510.1109/JPHOT.2021.3121169https://doaj.org/article/c1c1427253d94260835a86f97263825d2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9580686/https://doaj.org/toc/1943-0655The non-line-of-sight (NLOS) underwater communication can offer a viable route in signal propagation and coverage, thus mitigating the pointing, acquisition, and tracking difficulties in line-of-sight optical communication. However, implementing the NLOS link is non-trivial. While the NLOS technique relies on light scattering, i.e., channel turbulence can facilitate NLOS communication, the associated path-loss (PL) can be significant. Signal fading can degrade link robustness, which arises due to ocean water temperature and salinity fluctuation and gradients. To evaluate the robustness of NLOS in natural waters, we systematically measure the link metrics, such as the bit error ratio, PL, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), of water bodies of uniform and nonuniform vertical salinity ranging from 30–40‰ (part-per-thousand). We found that salinity-induced turbulence can establish NLOS communication with PL reduction of 2.35 dB/m and SNR increase by 32.5<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> for dynamic water. Furthermore, a strong correlation was obtained between the strength of signal fluctuations and the received SNR. Finally, we obtained a Gaussian distribution of the statistical scintillation behavior. These results demonstrated the benefit of using the NLOS regime for underwater wireless sensor networks for aiding designers and engineers.Mohammed SaitYujian GuoOmar AlkhazragiMeiwei KongTien Khee NgBoon S. OoiIEEEarticleNon-line-of-sightturbulencesalinityunderwater optical communicationApplied optics. PhotonicsTA1501-1820Optics. LightQC350-467ENIEEE Photonics Journal, Vol 13, Iss 6, Pp 1-9 (2021) |
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DOAJ |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
EN |
| topic |
Non-line-of-sight turbulence salinity underwater optical communication Applied optics. Photonics TA1501-1820 Optics. Light QC350-467 |
| spellingShingle |
Non-line-of-sight turbulence salinity underwater optical communication Applied optics. Photonics TA1501-1820 Optics. Light QC350-467 Mohammed Sait Yujian Guo Omar Alkhazragi Meiwei Kong Tien Khee Ng Boon S. Ooi The Impact of Vertical Salinity Gradient on Non-Line-of-Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication |
| description |
The non-line-of-sight (NLOS) underwater communication can offer a viable route in signal propagation and coverage, thus mitigating the pointing, acquisition, and tracking difficulties in line-of-sight optical communication. However, implementing the NLOS link is non-trivial. While the NLOS technique relies on light scattering, i.e., channel turbulence can facilitate NLOS communication, the associated path-loss (PL) can be significant. Signal fading can degrade link robustness, which arises due to ocean water temperature and salinity fluctuation and gradients. To evaluate the robustness of NLOS in natural waters, we systematically measure the link metrics, such as the bit error ratio, PL, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), of water bodies of uniform and nonuniform vertical salinity ranging from 30–40‰ (part-per-thousand). We found that salinity-induced turbulence can establish NLOS communication with PL reduction of 2.35 dB/m and SNR increase by 32.5<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> for dynamic water. Furthermore, a strong correlation was obtained between the strength of signal fluctuations and the received SNR. Finally, we obtained a Gaussian distribution of the statistical scintillation behavior. These results demonstrated the benefit of using the NLOS regime for underwater wireless sensor networks for aiding designers and engineers. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Mohammed Sait Yujian Guo Omar Alkhazragi Meiwei Kong Tien Khee Ng Boon S. Ooi |
| author_facet |
Mohammed Sait Yujian Guo Omar Alkhazragi Meiwei Kong Tien Khee Ng Boon S. Ooi |
| author_sort |
Mohammed Sait |
| title |
The Impact of Vertical Salinity Gradient on Non-Line-of-Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication |
| title_short |
The Impact of Vertical Salinity Gradient on Non-Line-of-Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication |
| title_full |
The Impact of Vertical Salinity Gradient on Non-Line-of-Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication |
| title_fullStr |
The Impact of Vertical Salinity Gradient on Non-Line-of-Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The Impact of Vertical Salinity Gradient on Non-Line-of-Sight Underwater Optical Wireless Communication |
| title_sort |
impact of vertical salinity gradient on non-line-of-sight underwater optical wireless communication |
| publisher |
IEEE |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/c1c1427253d94260835a86f97263825d |
| work_keys_str_mv |
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| _version_ |
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