Anticholesterolemic Activity of Three Vegetal Extracts (Artichoke, Caigua, and Fenugreek) and Their Unique Blend

Hepatic-related diseases, in particular hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia, are a thorn on the side of the national health institutes around the globe. Indeed, liver lipid and cholesterol dysregulation could lead to atherosclerotic plaque formation and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, statin...

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Autores principales:	Jessica Frigerio, Erik Tedesco, Federico Benetti, Violetta Insolia, Giovanna Nicotra, Valerio Mezzasalma, Stefania Pagliari, Massimo Labra, Luca Campone
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	anticholesterolemic activity caigua fenugreek artichoke botanicals hepatic disease Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c212dad9c073491693994441521b14dc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c212dad9c073491693994441521b14dc2021-11-30T14:06:41ZAnticholesterolemic Activity of Three Vegetal Extracts (Artichoke, Caigua, and Fenugreek) and Their Unique Blend1663-981210.3389/fphar.2021.726199https://doaj.org/article/c212dad9c073491693994441521b14dc2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.726199/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1663-9812Hepatic-related diseases, in particular hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia, are a thorn on the side of the national health institutes around the globe. Indeed, liver lipid and cholesterol dysregulation could lead to atherosclerotic plaque formation and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, statin administration and monacolin K consumption are the main therapies proposed to counter this alarming connection, but relevant side effects are known. To overcome this issue, safe nutraceutical formulations and/or vegetal extracts, endowed with anticholesterolemic activity, could be instrumental in hypercholesterolemia prevention and treatment. In the present work, the anticholesterolemic efficacy of three vegetal extracts used in traditional medicine (artichoke, caigua, and fenugreek), their unique blend (ACFB), and the monacolin K-containing red yeast extract (RYR), was investigated with an in vitro approach based on hepatic cell line HepG2. The impact on cholesterol of the three extracts, their blend, and RYR were investigated by determining hepatocyte total and free cholesterol and bile acids biosynthesis. According to our results, the anticholesterolemic activity of the vegetal extracts was confirmed, and a novel choleretic activity of caigua extract was evidenced. ACFB showed to be safer than RYR while showing a similar effect on total and free cholesterol and bile acids synthesis compared to it. The anticholesterolemic activity of the blend was obtained with lower vegetal extract concentrations compared with the single vegetal extract, potentially indicating an additive effect between the extracts. In conclusion, the vegetal extracts and their blend, ACFB, are safe and are endowed with anticholesterolemic activity, potentially providing complementary therapies to the statin-based ones for hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia-related complications.Jessica FrigerioJessica FrigerioErik TedescoFederico BenettiVioletta InsoliaGiovanna NicotraValerio MezzasalmaStefania PagliariMassimo LabraLuca CamponeFrontiers Media S.A.articleanticholesterolemic activitycaiguafenugreekartichokebotanicalshepatic diseaseTherapeutics. PharmacologyRM1-950ENFrontiers in Pharmacology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	anticholesterolemic activity caigua fenugreek artichoke botanicals hepatic disease Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950
spellingShingle	anticholesterolemic activity caigua fenugreek artichoke botanicals hepatic disease Therapeutics. Pharmacology RM1-950 Jessica Frigerio Jessica Frigerio Erik Tedesco Federico Benetti Violetta Insolia Giovanna Nicotra Valerio Mezzasalma Stefania Pagliari Massimo Labra Luca Campone Anticholesterolemic Activity of Three Vegetal Extracts (Artichoke, Caigua, and Fenugreek) and Their Unique Blend
description	Hepatic-related diseases, in particular hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia, are a thorn on the side of the national health institutes around the globe. Indeed, liver lipid and cholesterol dysregulation could lead to atherosclerotic plaque formation and cardiovascular diseases. Currently, statin administration and monacolin K consumption are the main therapies proposed to counter this alarming connection, but relevant side effects are known. To overcome this issue, safe nutraceutical formulations and/or vegetal extracts, endowed with anticholesterolemic activity, could be instrumental in hypercholesterolemia prevention and treatment. In the present work, the anticholesterolemic efficacy of three vegetal extracts used in traditional medicine (artichoke, caigua, and fenugreek), their unique blend (ACFB), and the monacolin K-containing red yeast extract (RYR), was investigated with an in vitro approach based on hepatic cell line HepG2. The impact on cholesterol of the three extracts, their blend, and RYR were investigated by determining hepatocyte total and free cholesterol and bile acids biosynthesis. According to our results, the anticholesterolemic activity of the vegetal extracts was confirmed, and a novel choleretic activity of caigua extract was evidenced. ACFB showed to be safer than RYR while showing a similar effect on total and free cholesterol and bile acids synthesis compared to it. The anticholesterolemic activity of the blend was obtained with lower vegetal extract concentrations compared with the single vegetal extract, potentially indicating an additive effect between the extracts. In conclusion, the vegetal extracts and their blend, ACFB, are safe and are endowed with anticholesterolemic activity, potentially providing complementary therapies to the statin-based ones for hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia-related complications.
format	article
author	Jessica Frigerio Jessica Frigerio Erik Tedesco Federico Benetti Violetta Insolia Giovanna Nicotra Valerio Mezzasalma Stefania Pagliari Massimo Labra Luca Campone
author_facet	Jessica Frigerio Jessica Frigerio Erik Tedesco Federico Benetti Violetta Insolia Giovanna Nicotra Valerio Mezzasalma Stefania Pagliari Massimo Labra Luca Campone
author_sort	Jessica Frigerio
title	Anticholesterolemic Activity of Three Vegetal Extracts (Artichoke, Caigua, and Fenugreek) and Their Unique Blend
title_short	Anticholesterolemic Activity of Three Vegetal Extracts (Artichoke, Caigua, and Fenugreek) and Their Unique Blend
title_full	Anticholesterolemic Activity of Three Vegetal Extracts (Artichoke, Caigua, and Fenugreek) and Their Unique Blend
title_fullStr	Anticholesterolemic Activity of Three Vegetal Extracts (Artichoke, Caigua, and Fenugreek) and Their Unique Blend
title_full_unstemmed	Anticholesterolemic Activity of Three Vegetal Extracts (Artichoke, Caigua, and Fenugreek) and Their Unique Blend
title_sort	anticholesterolemic activity of three vegetal extracts (artichoke, caigua, and fenugreek) and their unique blend
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c212dad9c073491693994441521b14dc
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Anticholesterolemic Activity of Three Vegetal Extracts (Artichoke, Caigua, and Fenugreek) and Their Unique Blend

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