Network structure implied by initial axon outgrowth in rodent cortex: empirical measurement and models.

The developmental mechanisms by which the network organization of the adult cortex is established are incompletely understood. Here we report on empirical data on the development of connections in hamster isocortex and use these data to parameterize a network model of early cortical connectivity. Us...

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Autores principales:	Diarmuid J Cahalane, Barbara Clancy, Marcy A Kingsbury, Ethan Graf, Olaf Sporns, Barbara L Finlay
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2011
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c22f9cbccae64769a9cf84f92b54ab7f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c22f9cbccae64769a9cf84f92b54ab7f2021-11-18T07:00:35ZNetwork structure implied by initial axon outgrowth in rodent cortex: empirical measurement and models.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0016113https://doaj.org/article/c22f9cbccae64769a9cf84f92b54ab7f2011-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/21264302/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The developmental mechanisms by which the network organization of the adult cortex is established are incompletely understood. Here we report on empirical data on the development of connections in hamster isocortex and use these data to parameterize a network model of early cortical connectivity. Using anterograde tracers at a series of postnatal ages, we investigate the growth of connections in the early cortical sheet and systematically map initial axon extension from sites in anterior (motor), middle (somatosensory) and posterior (visual) cortex. As a general rule, developing axons extend from all sites to cover relatively large portions of the cortical field that include multiple cortical areas. From all sites, outgrowth is anisotropic, covering a greater distance along the medial/lateral axis than along the anterior/posterior axis. These observations are summarized as 2-dimensional probability distributions of axon terminal sites over the cortical sheet. Our network model consists of nodes, representing parcels of cortex, embedded in 2-dimensional space. Network nodes are connected via directed edges, representing axons, drawn according to the empirically derived anisotropic probability distribution. The networks generated are described by a number of graph theoretic measurements including graph efficiency, node betweenness centrality and average shortest path length. To determine if connectional anisotropy helps reduce the total volume occupied by axons, we define and measure a simple metric for the extra volume required by axons crossing. We investigate the impact of different levels of anisotropy on network structure and volume. The empirically observed level of anisotropy suggests a good trade-off between volume reduction and maintenance of both network efficiency and robustness. Future work will test the model's predictions for connectivity in larger cortices to gain insight into how the regulation of axonal outgrowth may have evolved to achieve efficient and economical connectivity in larger brains.Diarmuid J CahalaneBarbara ClancyMarcy A KingsburyEthan GrafOlaf SpornsBarbara L FinlayPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 6, Iss 1, p e16113 (2011)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Diarmuid J Cahalane Barbara Clancy Marcy A Kingsbury Ethan Graf Olaf Sporns Barbara L Finlay Network structure implied by initial axon outgrowth in rodent cortex: empirical measurement and models.
description	The developmental mechanisms by which the network organization of the adult cortex is established are incompletely understood. Here we report on empirical data on the development of connections in hamster isocortex and use these data to parameterize a network model of early cortical connectivity. Using anterograde tracers at a series of postnatal ages, we investigate the growth of connections in the early cortical sheet and systematically map initial axon extension from sites in anterior (motor), middle (somatosensory) and posterior (visual) cortex. As a general rule, developing axons extend from all sites to cover relatively large portions of the cortical field that include multiple cortical areas. From all sites, outgrowth is anisotropic, covering a greater distance along the medial/lateral axis than along the anterior/posterior axis. These observations are summarized as 2-dimensional probability distributions of axon terminal sites over the cortical sheet. Our network model consists of nodes, representing parcels of cortex, embedded in 2-dimensional space. Network nodes are connected via directed edges, representing axons, drawn according to the empirically derived anisotropic probability distribution. The networks generated are described by a number of graph theoretic measurements including graph efficiency, node betweenness centrality and average shortest path length. To determine if connectional anisotropy helps reduce the total volume occupied by axons, we define and measure a simple metric for the extra volume required by axons crossing. We investigate the impact of different levels of anisotropy on network structure and volume. The empirically observed level of anisotropy suggests a good trade-off between volume reduction and maintenance of both network efficiency and robustness. Future work will test the model's predictions for connectivity in larger cortices to gain insight into how the regulation of axonal outgrowth may have evolved to achieve efficient and economical connectivity in larger brains.
format	article
author	Diarmuid J Cahalane Barbara Clancy Marcy A Kingsbury Ethan Graf Olaf Sporns Barbara L Finlay
author_facet	Diarmuid J Cahalane Barbara Clancy Marcy A Kingsbury Ethan Graf Olaf Sporns Barbara L Finlay
author_sort	Diarmuid J Cahalane
title	Network structure implied by initial axon outgrowth in rodent cortex: empirical measurement and models.
title_short	Network structure implied by initial axon outgrowth in rodent cortex: empirical measurement and models.
title_full	Network structure implied by initial axon outgrowth in rodent cortex: empirical measurement and models.
title_fullStr	Network structure implied by initial axon outgrowth in rodent cortex: empirical measurement and models.
title_full_unstemmed	Network structure implied by initial axon outgrowth in rodent cortex: empirical measurement and models.
title_sort	network structure implied by initial axon outgrowth in rodent cortex: empirical measurement and models.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2011
url	https://doaj.org/article/c22f9cbccae64769a9cf84f92b54ab7f
work_keys_str_mv	AT diarmuidjcahalane networkstructureimpliedbyinitialaxonoutgrowthinrodentcortexempiricalmeasurementandmodels AT barbaraclancy networkstructureimpliedbyinitialaxonoutgrowthinrodentcortexempiricalmeasurementandmodels AT marcyakingsbury networkstructureimpliedbyinitialaxonoutgrowthinrodentcortexempiricalmeasurementandmodels AT ethangraf networkstructureimpliedbyinitialaxonoutgrowthinrodentcortexempiricalmeasurementandmodels AT olafsporns networkstructureimpliedbyinitialaxonoutgrowthinrodentcortexempiricalmeasurementandmodels AT barbaralfinlay networkstructureimpliedbyinitialaxonoutgrowthinrodentcortexempiricalmeasurementandmodels
_version_	1718424068176216064

Network structure implied by initial axon outgrowth in rodent cortex: empirical measurement and models.

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