Microbiota-Induced Changes in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Drosophila melanogaster</named-content> Host Gene Expression and Gut Morphology

ABSTRACT To elucidate mechanisms underlying the complex relationships between a host and its microbiota, we used the genetically tractable model Drosophila melanogaster. Consistent with previous studies, the microbiota was simple in composition and diversity. However, analysis of single flies reveal...

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Autores principales:	Nichole A. Broderick, Nicolas Buchon, Bruno Lemaitre
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2014
Materias:	Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c236291242ef4bf68b5778186df4899b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c236291242ef4bf68b5778186df4899b2021-11-15T15:47:38ZMicrobiota-Induced Changes in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Drosophila melanogaster</named-content> Host Gene Expression and Gut Morphology10.1128/mBio.01117-142150-7511https://doaj.org/article/c236291242ef4bf68b5778186df4899b2014-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01117-14https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT To elucidate mechanisms underlying the complex relationships between a host and its microbiota, we used the genetically tractable model Drosophila melanogaster. Consistent with previous studies, the microbiota was simple in composition and diversity. However, analysis of single flies revealed high interfly variability that correlated with differences in feeding. To understand the effects of this simple and variable consortium, we compared the transcriptome of guts from conventionally reared flies to that for their axenically reared counterparts. Our analysis of two wild-type fly lines identified 121 up- and 31 downregulated genes. The majority of these genes were associated with immune responses, tissue homeostasis, gut physiology, and metabolism. By comparing the transcriptomes of young and old flies, we identified temporally responsive genes and showed that the overall impact of microbiota was greater in older flies. In addition, comparison of wild-type gene expression with that of an immune-deficient line revealed that 53% of upregulated genes exerted their effects through the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway. The genes included not only classic immune response genes but also those involved in signaling, gene expression, and metabolism, unveiling new and unexpected connections between immunity and other systems. Given these findings, we further characterized the effects of gut-associated microbes on gut morphology and epithelial architecture. The results showed that the microbiota affected gut morphology through their impacts on epithelial renewal rate, cellular spacing, and the composition of different cell types in the epithelium. Thus, while bacteria in the gut are highly variable, the influence of the microbiota at large has far-reaching effects on host physiology. IMPORTANCE The guts of animals are in constant association with microbes, and these interactions are understood to have important roles in animal development and physiology. Yet we know little about the mechanisms underlying the establishment and function of these associations. Here, we used the fruit fly to understand how the microbiota affects host function. Importantly, we found that the microbiota has far-reaching effects on host physiology, ranging from immunity to gut structure. Our results validate the notion that important insights on complex host-microbe relationships can be obtained from the use of a well-established and genetically tractable invertebrate model.Nichole A. BroderickNicolas BuchonBruno LemaitreAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 5, Iss 3 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Microbiology QR1-502 Nichole A. Broderick Nicolas Buchon Bruno Lemaitre Microbiota-Induced Changes in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Drosophila melanogaster</named-content> Host Gene Expression and Gut Morphology
description	ABSTRACT To elucidate mechanisms underlying the complex relationships between a host and its microbiota, we used the genetically tractable model Drosophila melanogaster. Consistent with previous studies, the microbiota was simple in composition and diversity. However, analysis of single flies revealed high interfly variability that correlated with differences in feeding. To understand the effects of this simple and variable consortium, we compared the transcriptome of guts from conventionally reared flies to that for their axenically reared counterparts. Our analysis of two wild-type fly lines identified 121 up- and 31 downregulated genes. The majority of these genes were associated with immune responses, tissue homeostasis, gut physiology, and metabolism. By comparing the transcriptomes of young and old flies, we identified temporally responsive genes and showed that the overall impact of microbiota was greater in older flies. In addition, comparison of wild-type gene expression with that of an immune-deficient line revealed that 53% of upregulated genes exerted their effects through the immune deficiency (Imd) pathway. The genes included not only classic immune response genes but also those involved in signaling, gene expression, and metabolism, unveiling new and unexpected connections between immunity and other systems. Given these findings, we further characterized the effects of gut-associated microbes on gut morphology and epithelial architecture. The results showed that the microbiota affected gut morphology through their impacts on epithelial renewal rate, cellular spacing, and the composition of different cell types in the epithelium. Thus, while bacteria in the gut are highly variable, the influence of the microbiota at large has far-reaching effects on host physiology. IMPORTANCE The guts of animals are in constant association with microbes, and these interactions are understood to have important roles in animal development and physiology. Yet we know little about the mechanisms underlying the establishment and function of these associations. Here, we used the fruit fly to understand how the microbiota affects host function. Importantly, we found that the microbiota has far-reaching effects on host physiology, ranging from immunity to gut structure. Our results validate the notion that important insights on complex host-microbe relationships can be obtained from the use of a well-established and genetically tractable invertebrate model.
format	article
author	Nichole A. Broderick Nicolas Buchon Bruno Lemaitre
author_facet	Nichole A. Broderick Nicolas Buchon Bruno Lemaitre
author_sort	Nichole A. Broderick
title	Microbiota-Induced Changes in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Drosophila melanogaster</named-content> Host Gene Expression and Gut Morphology
title_short	Microbiota-Induced Changes in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Drosophila melanogaster</named-content> Host Gene Expression and Gut Morphology
title_full	Microbiota-Induced Changes in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Drosophila melanogaster</named-content> Host Gene Expression and Gut Morphology
title_fullStr	Microbiota-Induced Changes in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Drosophila melanogaster</named-content> Host Gene Expression and Gut Morphology
title_full_unstemmed	Microbiota-Induced Changes in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Drosophila melanogaster</named-content> Host Gene Expression and Gut Morphology
title_sort	microbiota-induced changes in <named-content content-type="genus-species">drosophila melanogaster</named-content> host gene expression and gut morphology
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/c236291242ef4bf68b5778186df4899b
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Microbiota-Induced Changes in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Drosophila melanogaster</named-content> Host Gene Expression and Gut Morphology

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