Raw Sewage Harbors Diverse Viral Populations

ABSTRACT At this time, about 3,000 different viruses are recognized, but metagenomic studies suggest that these viruses are a small fraction of the viruses that exist in nature. We have explored viral diversity by deep sequencing nucleic acids obtained from virion populations enriched from raw sewag...

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Autores principales: Paul G. Cantalupo, Byron Calgua, Guoyan Zhao, Ayalkibet Hundesa, Adam D. Wier, Josh P. Katz, Michael Grabe, Roger W. Hendrix, Rosina Girones, David Wang, James M. Pipas
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Publicado: American Society for Microbiology 2011
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Acceso en línea:https://doaj.org/article/c2c13055b1a7432bb4bbe989dcf9929b
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:c2c13055b1a7432bb4bbe989dcf9929b2021-11-15T15:38:57ZRaw Sewage Harbors Diverse Viral Populations10.1128/mBio.00180-112150-7511https://doaj.org/article/c2c13055b1a7432bb4bbe989dcf9929b2011-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00180-11https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT At this time, about 3,000 different viruses are recognized, but metagenomic studies suggest that these viruses are a small fraction of the viruses that exist in nature. We have explored viral diversity by deep sequencing nucleic acids obtained from virion populations enriched from raw sewage. We identified 234 known viruses, including 17 that infect humans. Plant, insect, and algal viruses as well as bacteriophages were also present. These viruses represented 26 taxonomic families and included viruses with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), positive-sense ssRNA [ssRNA(+)], and dsRNA genomes. Novel viruses that could be placed in specific taxa represented 51 different families, making untreated wastewater the most diverse viral metagenome (genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples) examined thus far. However, the vast majority of sequence reads bore little or no sequence relation to known viruses and thus could not be placed into specific taxa. These results show that the vast majority of the viruses on Earth have not yet been characterized. Untreated wastewater provides a rich matrix for identifying novel viruses and for studying virus diversity. IMPORTANCE At this time, virology is focused on the study of a relatively small number of viral species. Specific viruses are studied either because they are easily propagated in the laboratory or because they are associated with disease. The lack of knowledge of the size and characteristics of the viral universe and the diversity of viral genomes is a roadblock to understanding important issues, such as the origin of emerging pathogens and the extent of gene exchange among viruses. Untreated wastewater is an ideal system for assessing viral diversity because virion populations from large numbers of individuals are deposited and because raw sewage itself provides a rich environment for the growth of diverse host species and thus their viruses. These studies suggest that the viral universe is far more vast and diverse than previously suspected.Paul G. CantalupoByron CalguaGuoyan ZhaoAyalkibet HundesaAdam D. WierJosh P. KatzMichael GrabeRoger W. HendrixRosina GironesDavid WangJames M. PipasAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 2, Iss 5 (2011)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic Microbiology
QR1-502
spellingShingle Microbiology
QR1-502
Paul G. Cantalupo
Byron Calgua
Guoyan Zhao
Ayalkibet Hundesa
Adam D. Wier
Josh P. Katz
Michael Grabe
Roger W. Hendrix
Rosina Girones
David Wang
James M. Pipas
Raw Sewage Harbors Diverse Viral Populations
description ABSTRACT At this time, about 3,000 different viruses are recognized, but metagenomic studies suggest that these viruses are a small fraction of the viruses that exist in nature. We have explored viral diversity by deep sequencing nucleic acids obtained from virion populations enriched from raw sewage. We identified 234 known viruses, including 17 that infect humans. Plant, insect, and algal viruses as well as bacteriophages were also present. These viruses represented 26 taxonomic families and included viruses with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), positive-sense ssRNA [ssRNA(+)], and dsRNA genomes. Novel viruses that could be placed in specific taxa represented 51 different families, making untreated wastewater the most diverse viral metagenome (genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples) examined thus far. However, the vast majority of sequence reads bore little or no sequence relation to known viruses and thus could not be placed into specific taxa. These results show that the vast majority of the viruses on Earth have not yet been characterized. Untreated wastewater provides a rich matrix for identifying novel viruses and for studying virus diversity. IMPORTANCE At this time, virology is focused on the study of a relatively small number of viral species. Specific viruses are studied either because they are easily propagated in the laboratory or because they are associated with disease. The lack of knowledge of the size and characteristics of the viral universe and the diversity of viral genomes is a roadblock to understanding important issues, such as the origin of emerging pathogens and the extent of gene exchange among viruses. Untreated wastewater is an ideal system for assessing viral diversity because virion populations from large numbers of individuals are deposited and because raw sewage itself provides a rich environment for the growth of diverse host species and thus their viruses. These studies suggest that the viral universe is far more vast and diverse than previously suspected.
format article
author Paul G. Cantalupo
Byron Calgua
Guoyan Zhao
Ayalkibet Hundesa
Adam D. Wier
Josh P. Katz
Michael Grabe
Roger W. Hendrix
Rosina Girones
David Wang
James M. Pipas
author_facet Paul G. Cantalupo
Byron Calgua
Guoyan Zhao
Ayalkibet Hundesa
Adam D. Wier
Josh P. Katz
Michael Grabe
Roger W. Hendrix
Rosina Girones
David Wang
James M. Pipas
author_sort Paul G. Cantalupo
title Raw Sewage Harbors Diverse Viral Populations
title_short Raw Sewage Harbors Diverse Viral Populations
title_full Raw Sewage Harbors Diverse Viral Populations
title_fullStr Raw Sewage Harbors Diverse Viral Populations
title_full_unstemmed Raw Sewage Harbors Diverse Viral Populations
title_sort raw sewage harbors diverse viral populations
publisher American Society for Microbiology
publishDate 2011
url https://doaj.org/article/c2c13055b1a7432bb4bbe989dcf9929b
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