The Magnitude and Directions of the Associations between Early Life Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Differ across Geographical Locations among Migrant and Non-Migrant Ghanaians—The RODAM Study

Background: Early-life factors (ELFs) such as childhood nutrition and childhood socio-economic status could be the drivers of the increase in metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) among African populations, but data are lacking. This study evaluated whether markers of childhood nutritional status and childhoo...

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Autores principales:	Thijs G. W. van der Heijden, Felix P. Chilunga, Karlijn A. C. Meeks, Juliet Addo, Ina Danquah, Erik J. Beune, Silver K. Bahendeka, Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, Frank P. Mockenhaupt, Mitzi M. Waltz, Charles Agyemang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	metabolic syndrome migration early life factors obesity diabetes Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c2cac1cb303a4cee957beab0ad6c55d7
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c2cac1cb303a4cee957beab0ad6c55d72021-11-25T17:50:12ZThe Magnitude and Directions of the Associations between Early Life Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Differ across Geographical Locations among Migrant and Non-Migrant Ghanaians—The RODAM Study10.3390/ijerph1822119961660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/c2cac1cb303a4cee957beab0ad6c55d72021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/22/11996https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601Background: Early-life factors (ELFs) such as childhood nutrition and childhood socio-economic status could be the drivers of the increase in metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) among African populations, but data are lacking. This study evaluated whether markers of childhood nutritional status and childhood socio-economic status were associated with MetSyn in adulthood among migrant Ghanaians living in Europe and non-migrant Ghanaians living in Ghana. Methods: Data from the Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants (RODAM) study, involving 2008 migrants and 2320 non-migrants aged ≥25 years, were analysed for this study. We used leg-length to height ratio (LHR), which is an anthropometric marker of childhood nutritional status, and parental education, which is a marker of childhood socio-economic status, as proxies. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by logistic regression with adjustments for demographic and lifestyle factors. Results: Parental education was higher among Ghanaians in Europe than among residents in rural and urban Ghana. The prevalence of MetSyn was 18.5%, 27.7% and 33.5% for rural, urban, and migrant residents, respectively. LHR was inversely associated with MetSyn among migrants. Compared with high paternal education, individuals with low paternal education had lower odds of MetSyn in migrants (AOR 0.71 95% CI 0.54–0.94). In contrast, compared with high maternal education, individuals with intermediate maternal education had higher odds of MetSyn in urban Ghanaians (AOR 4.53 95% CI 1.50–3.74). No associations were found among rural Ghanaians. Conclusion: The magnitude and direction of the associations between ELFs and MetSyn differ across geographical locations. Intermediate maternal education was positively associated with MetSyn among urban Ghanaians, while LHR and low paternal education were inversely associated with MetSyn among migrant Ghanaians. Further research into the interplay of genetics, environment and behaviour is needed to elucidate the underlying pathological mechanisms of MetSyn amongst migrants.Thijs G. W. van der HeijdenFelix P. ChilungaKarlijn A. C. MeeksJuliet AddoIna DanquahErik J. BeuneSilver K. BahendekaKerstin Klipstein-GrobuschFrank P. MockenhauptMitzi M. WaltzCharles AgyemangMDPI AGarticlemetabolic syndromemigrationearly life factorsobesitydiabetesMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11996, p 11996 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	metabolic syndrome migration early life factors obesity diabetes Medicine R
spellingShingle	metabolic syndrome migration early life factors obesity diabetes Medicine R Thijs G. W. van der Heijden Felix P. Chilunga Karlijn A. C. Meeks Juliet Addo Ina Danquah Erik J. Beune Silver K. Bahendeka Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch Frank P. Mockenhaupt Mitzi M. Waltz Charles Agyemang The Magnitude and Directions of the Associations between Early Life Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Differ across Geographical Locations among Migrant and Non-Migrant Ghanaians—The RODAM Study
description	Background: Early-life factors (ELFs) such as childhood nutrition and childhood socio-economic status could be the drivers of the increase in metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) among African populations, but data are lacking. This study evaluated whether markers of childhood nutritional status and childhood socio-economic status were associated with MetSyn in adulthood among migrant Ghanaians living in Europe and non-migrant Ghanaians living in Ghana. Methods: Data from the Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants (RODAM) study, involving 2008 migrants and 2320 non-migrants aged ≥25 years, were analysed for this study. We used leg-length to height ratio (LHR), which is an anthropometric marker of childhood nutritional status, and parental education, which is a marker of childhood socio-economic status, as proxies. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by logistic regression with adjustments for demographic and lifestyle factors. Results: Parental education was higher among Ghanaians in Europe than among residents in rural and urban Ghana. The prevalence of MetSyn was 18.5%, 27.7% and 33.5% for rural, urban, and migrant residents, respectively. LHR was inversely associated with MetSyn among migrants. Compared with high paternal education, individuals with low paternal education had lower odds of MetSyn in migrants (AOR 0.71 95% CI 0.54–0.94). In contrast, compared with high maternal education, individuals with intermediate maternal education had higher odds of MetSyn in urban Ghanaians (AOR 4.53 95% CI 1.50–3.74). No associations were found among rural Ghanaians. Conclusion: The magnitude and direction of the associations between ELFs and MetSyn differ across geographical locations. Intermediate maternal education was positively associated with MetSyn among urban Ghanaians, while LHR and low paternal education were inversely associated with MetSyn among migrant Ghanaians. Further research into the interplay of genetics, environment and behaviour is needed to elucidate the underlying pathological mechanisms of MetSyn amongst migrants.
format	article
author	Thijs G. W. van der Heijden Felix P. Chilunga Karlijn A. C. Meeks Juliet Addo Ina Danquah Erik J. Beune Silver K. Bahendeka Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch Frank P. Mockenhaupt Mitzi M. Waltz Charles Agyemang
author_facet	Thijs G. W. van der Heijden Felix P. Chilunga Karlijn A. C. Meeks Juliet Addo Ina Danquah Erik J. Beune Silver K. Bahendeka Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch Frank P. Mockenhaupt Mitzi M. Waltz Charles Agyemang
author_sort	Thijs G. W. van der Heijden
title	The Magnitude and Directions of the Associations between Early Life Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Differ across Geographical Locations among Migrant and Non-Migrant Ghanaians—The RODAM Study
title_short	The Magnitude and Directions of the Associations between Early Life Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Differ across Geographical Locations among Migrant and Non-Migrant Ghanaians—The RODAM Study
title_full	The Magnitude and Directions of the Associations between Early Life Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Differ across Geographical Locations among Migrant and Non-Migrant Ghanaians—The RODAM Study
title_fullStr	The Magnitude and Directions of the Associations between Early Life Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Differ across Geographical Locations among Migrant and Non-Migrant Ghanaians—The RODAM Study
title_full_unstemmed	The Magnitude and Directions of the Associations between Early Life Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Differ across Geographical Locations among Migrant and Non-Migrant Ghanaians—The RODAM Study
title_sort	magnitude and directions of the associations between early life factors and metabolic syndrome differ across geographical locations among migrant and non-migrant ghanaians—the rodam study
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c2cac1cb303a4cee957beab0ad6c55d7
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The Magnitude and Directions of the Associations between Early Life Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Differ across Geographical Locations among Migrant and Non-Migrant Ghanaians—The RODAM Study

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