A four-state adaptive Hopf oscillator.

Adaptive oscillators (AOs) are nonlinear oscillators with plastic states that encode information. Here, an analog implementation of a four-state adaptive oscillator, including design, fabrication, and verification through hardware measurement, is presented. The result is an oscillator that can learn...

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Autores principales:	XiaoFu Li, Md Raf E Ul Shougat, Scott Kennedy, Casey Fendley, Robert N Dean, Aubrey N Beal, Edmon Perkins
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c2ec88d7f33f449f88e0eed7d7c25f75
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c2ec88d7f33f449f88e0eed7d7c25f752021-11-25T06:19:24ZA four-state adaptive Hopf oscillator.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0249131https://doaj.org/article/c2ec88d7f33f449f88e0eed7d7c25f752021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249131https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Adaptive oscillators (AOs) are nonlinear oscillators with plastic states that encode information. Here, an analog implementation of a four-state adaptive oscillator, including design, fabrication, and verification through hardware measurement, is presented. The result is an oscillator that can learn the frequency and amplitude of an external stimulus over a large range. Notably, the adaptive oscillator learns parameters of external stimuli through its ability to completely synchronize without using any pre- or post-processing methods. Previously, Hopf oscillators have been built as two-state (a regular Hopf oscillator) and three-state (a Hopf oscillator with adaptive frequency) systems via VLSI and FPGA designs. Building on these important implementations, a continuous-time, analog circuit implementation of a Hopf oscillator with adaptive frequency and amplitude is achieved. The hardware measurements and SPICE simulation show good agreement. To demonstrate some of its functionality, the circuit's response to several complex waveforms, including the response of a square wave, a sawtooth wave, strain gauge data of an impact of a nonlinear beam, and audio data of a noisy microphone recording, are reported. By learning both the frequency and amplitude, this circuit could be used to enhance applications of AOs for robotic gait, clock oscillators, analog frequency analyzers, and energy harvesting.XiaoFu LiMd Raf E Ul ShougatScott KennedyCasey FendleyRobert N DeanAubrey N BealEdmon PerkinsPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 3, p e0249131 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q XiaoFu Li Md Raf E Ul Shougat Scott Kennedy Casey Fendley Robert N Dean Aubrey N Beal Edmon Perkins A four-state adaptive Hopf oscillator.
description	Adaptive oscillators (AOs) are nonlinear oscillators with plastic states that encode information. Here, an analog implementation of a four-state adaptive oscillator, including design, fabrication, and verification through hardware measurement, is presented. The result is an oscillator that can learn the frequency and amplitude of an external stimulus over a large range. Notably, the adaptive oscillator learns parameters of external stimuli through its ability to completely synchronize without using any pre- or post-processing methods. Previously, Hopf oscillators have been built as two-state (a regular Hopf oscillator) and three-state (a Hopf oscillator with adaptive frequency) systems via VLSI and FPGA designs. Building on these important implementations, a continuous-time, analog circuit implementation of a Hopf oscillator with adaptive frequency and amplitude is achieved. The hardware measurements and SPICE simulation show good agreement. To demonstrate some of its functionality, the circuit's response to several complex waveforms, including the response of a square wave, a sawtooth wave, strain gauge data of an impact of a nonlinear beam, and audio data of a noisy microphone recording, are reported. By learning both the frequency and amplitude, this circuit could be used to enhance applications of AOs for robotic gait, clock oscillators, analog frequency analyzers, and energy harvesting.
format	article
author	XiaoFu Li Md Raf E Ul Shougat Scott Kennedy Casey Fendley Robert N Dean Aubrey N Beal Edmon Perkins
author_facet	XiaoFu Li Md Raf E Ul Shougat Scott Kennedy Casey Fendley Robert N Dean Aubrey N Beal Edmon Perkins
author_sort	XiaoFu Li
title	A four-state adaptive Hopf oscillator.
title_short	A four-state adaptive Hopf oscillator.
title_full	A four-state adaptive Hopf oscillator.
title_fullStr	A four-state adaptive Hopf oscillator.
title_full_unstemmed	A four-state adaptive Hopf oscillator.
title_sort	four-state adaptive hopf oscillator.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c2ec88d7f33f449f88e0eed7d7c25f75
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A four-state adaptive Hopf oscillator.

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