Sentinels in Salmon Aquaculture: Heart Rates Across Seasons and During Crowding Events

Advances in tag technology now make it possible to monitor the behavior of small groups of individual fish as bioindicators of population wellbeing in commercial aquaculture settings. For example, tags may detect unusual patterns in fish heart rate, which could serve as an early indicator of whether...

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Autores principales:	Fletcher Warren-Myers, Malthe Hvas, Tone Vågseth, Tim Dempster, Frode Oppedal
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	data storage tags diurnal rhythm fish welfare stress sea cage Physiology QP1-981
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c3fef2dea099405eb2c5f95f006bf08f
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c3fef2dea099405eb2c5f95f006bf08f2021-12-01T07:27:12ZSentinels in Salmon Aquaculture: Heart Rates Across Seasons and During Crowding Events1664-042X10.3389/fphys.2021.755659https://doaj.org/article/c3fef2dea099405eb2c5f95f006bf08f2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.755659/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-042XAdvances in tag technology now make it possible to monitor the behavior of small groups of individual fish as bioindicators of population wellbeing in commercial aquaculture settings. For example, tags may detect unusual patterns in fish heart rate, which could serve as an early indicator of whether fish health or welfare is becoming compromised. Here, we investigated the use of commercially available heart rate biologgers implanted into 24 Atlantic salmon weighing 3.6 ± 0.8 kg (mean ± SD) to monitor fish over 5 months in a standard 12 m × 12 m square sea cage containing ∼6,000 conspecifics. Post tagging, fish established a diurnal heart rate rhythm within 24 h, which stabilized after 4 days. Whilst the registered tagged fish mortality over the trial period was 0%, only 75% of tagged fish were recaptured at harvest, resulting in an unexplained tag loss rate of 25%. After 5 months, tagged fish were approximately 20% lighter and 8% shorter, but of the similar condition when compared to untagged fish. Distinct diurnal heart rate patterns were observed and changed with seasonal day length of natural illumination. Fish exhibited lower heart rates at night [winter 39 ± 0.2 beats per min (bpm), spring 37 ± 0.2 bpm, summer 43 ± 0.3 bpm, mean ± SE] than during the day (winter 50 ± 0.3 bpm, spring 48 ± 0.2 bpm, summer 49 ± 0.2 bpm) with the difference between night and day heart rates near half during the summer (6 bpm) compared to winter and spring (both 11 bpm). When fish experienced moderate and severe crowding events in early summer, the highest hourly heart rates reached 60 ± 2.5 bpm and 72 ± 2.4 bpm, respectively, on the day of crowding. Here, if the negative sublethal effects on fish that carry tags (e.g., growth rate) can be substantially reduced, the ability to monitor diurnal heart rate patterns across seasons and detect changes during crowding events, and using heart rate biologgers could be a useful warning mechanism for detecting sudden changes in fish behavior in sea cages.Fletcher Warren-MyersMalthe HvasTone VågsethTim DempsterFrode OppedalFrontiers Media S.A.articledata storage tagsdiurnal rhythmfish welfarestresssea cagePhysiologyQP1-981ENFrontiers in Physiology, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	data storage tags diurnal rhythm fish welfare stress sea cage Physiology QP1-981
spellingShingle	data storage tags diurnal rhythm fish welfare stress sea cage Physiology QP1-981 Fletcher Warren-Myers Malthe Hvas Tone Vågseth Tim Dempster Frode Oppedal Sentinels in Salmon Aquaculture: Heart Rates Across Seasons and During Crowding Events
description	Advances in tag technology now make it possible to monitor the behavior of small groups of individual fish as bioindicators of population wellbeing in commercial aquaculture settings. For example, tags may detect unusual patterns in fish heart rate, which could serve as an early indicator of whether fish health or welfare is becoming compromised. Here, we investigated the use of commercially available heart rate biologgers implanted into 24 Atlantic salmon weighing 3.6 ± 0.8 kg (mean ± SD) to monitor fish over 5 months in a standard 12 m × 12 m square sea cage containing ∼6,000 conspecifics. Post tagging, fish established a diurnal heart rate rhythm within 24 h, which stabilized after 4 days. Whilst the registered tagged fish mortality over the trial period was 0%, only 75% of tagged fish were recaptured at harvest, resulting in an unexplained tag loss rate of 25%. After 5 months, tagged fish were approximately 20% lighter and 8% shorter, but of the similar condition when compared to untagged fish. Distinct diurnal heart rate patterns were observed and changed with seasonal day length of natural illumination. Fish exhibited lower heart rates at night [winter 39 ± 0.2 beats per min (bpm), spring 37 ± 0.2 bpm, summer 43 ± 0.3 bpm, mean ± SE] than during the day (winter 50 ± 0.3 bpm, spring 48 ± 0.2 bpm, summer 49 ± 0.2 bpm) with the difference between night and day heart rates near half during the summer (6 bpm) compared to winter and spring (both 11 bpm). When fish experienced moderate and severe crowding events in early summer, the highest hourly heart rates reached 60 ± 2.5 bpm and 72 ± 2.4 bpm, respectively, on the day of crowding. Here, if the negative sublethal effects on fish that carry tags (e.g., growth rate) can be substantially reduced, the ability to monitor diurnal heart rate patterns across seasons and detect changes during crowding events, and using heart rate biologgers could be a useful warning mechanism for detecting sudden changes in fish behavior in sea cages.
format	article
author	Fletcher Warren-Myers Malthe Hvas Tone Vågseth Tim Dempster Frode Oppedal
author_facet	Fletcher Warren-Myers Malthe Hvas Tone Vågseth Tim Dempster Frode Oppedal
author_sort	Fletcher Warren-Myers
title	Sentinels in Salmon Aquaculture: Heart Rates Across Seasons and During Crowding Events
title_short	Sentinels in Salmon Aquaculture: Heart Rates Across Seasons and During Crowding Events
title_full	Sentinels in Salmon Aquaculture: Heart Rates Across Seasons and During Crowding Events
title_fullStr	Sentinels in Salmon Aquaculture: Heart Rates Across Seasons and During Crowding Events
title_full_unstemmed	Sentinels in Salmon Aquaculture: Heart Rates Across Seasons and During Crowding Events
title_sort	sentinels in salmon aquaculture: heart rates across seasons and during crowding events
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c3fef2dea099405eb2c5f95f006bf08f
work_keys_str_mv	AT fletcherwarrenmyers sentinelsinsalmonaquacultureheartratesacrossseasonsandduringcrowdingevents AT malthehvas sentinelsinsalmonaquacultureheartratesacrossseasonsandduringcrowdingevents AT tonevagseth sentinelsinsalmonaquacultureheartratesacrossseasonsandduringcrowdingevents AT timdempster sentinelsinsalmonaquacultureheartratesacrossseasonsandduringcrowdingevents AT frodeoppedal sentinelsinsalmonaquacultureheartratesacrossseasonsandduringcrowdingevents
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Sentinels in Salmon Aquaculture: Heart Rates Across Seasons and During Crowding Events

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