Proteolytic and Structural Changes in Rye and Triticale Roots under Aluminum Stress

Proteolysis and structural adjustments are significant for defense against heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the Al<sup>3+</sup> stress alters protease activity and the anatomy of cereale roots. Azocaseinolytic and gelatinolytic measurements, transcript-leve...

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Autores principales:	Joanna Szewińska, Elżbieta Różańska, Ewa Papierowska, Mateusz Labudda
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	abiotic stress aluminum heavy metal phytocystatin plant anatomy protease inhibitor Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c411cd53c12440758303230419283279
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c411cd53c124407583032304192832792021-11-25T17:10:46ZProteolytic and Structural Changes in Rye and Triticale Roots under Aluminum Stress10.3390/cells101130462073-4409https://doaj.org/article/c411cd53c124407583032304192832792021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3046https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409Proteolysis and structural adjustments are significant for defense against heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the Al<sup>3+</sup> stress alters protease activity and the anatomy of cereale roots. Azocaseinolytic and gelatinolytic measurements, transcript-level analysis of phytocystatins, and observations under microscopes were performed on the roots of Al<sup>3+</sup>-tolerant rye and tolerant and sensitive triticales exposed to Al<sup>3+</sup>. In rye and triticales, the azocaseinolytic activity was higher in treated roots. The gelatinolytic activity in the roots of rye was enhanced between 12 and 24 h in treated roots, and decreased at 48 h. The gelatinolytic activity in treated roots of tolerant triticale was the highest at 24 h and the lowest at 12 h, whereas in treated roots of sensitive triticale it was lowest at 12 h but was enhanced at 24 and 48 h. These changes were accompanied by increased transcript levels of phytocystatins in rye and triticale-treated roots. Light microscope analysis of rye roots revealed disintegration of rhizodermis in treated roots at 48 h and indicated the involvement of root border cells in rye defense against Al<sup>3+</sup>. The ultrastructural analysis showed vacuoles containing electron-dense precipitates. We postulate that proteolytic-antiproteolytic balance and structural acclimation reinforce the fine-tuning to Al<sup>3+</sup>.Joanna SzewińskaElżbieta RóżańskaEwa PapierowskaMateusz LabuddaMDPI AGarticleabiotic stressaluminumheavy metalphytocystatinplant anatomyprotease inhibitorBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENCells, Vol 10, Iss 3046, p 3046 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	abiotic stress aluminum heavy metal phytocystatin plant anatomy protease inhibitor Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	abiotic stress aluminum heavy metal phytocystatin plant anatomy protease inhibitor Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Joanna Szewińska Elżbieta Różańska Ewa Papierowska Mateusz Labudda Proteolytic and Structural Changes in Rye and Triticale Roots under Aluminum Stress
description	Proteolysis and structural adjustments are significant for defense against heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the Al<sup>3+</sup> stress alters protease activity and the anatomy of cereale roots. Azocaseinolytic and gelatinolytic measurements, transcript-level analysis of phytocystatins, and observations under microscopes were performed on the roots of Al<sup>3+</sup>-tolerant rye and tolerant and sensitive triticales exposed to Al<sup>3+</sup>. In rye and triticales, the azocaseinolytic activity was higher in treated roots. The gelatinolytic activity in the roots of rye was enhanced between 12 and 24 h in treated roots, and decreased at 48 h. The gelatinolytic activity in treated roots of tolerant triticale was the highest at 24 h and the lowest at 12 h, whereas in treated roots of sensitive triticale it was lowest at 12 h but was enhanced at 24 and 48 h. These changes were accompanied by increased transcript levels of phytocystatins in rye and triticale-treated roots. Light microscope analysis of rye roots revealed disintegration of rhizodermis in treated roots at 48 h and indicated the involvement of root border cells in rye defense against Al<sup>3+</sup>. The ultrastructural analysis showed vacuoles containing electron-dense precipitates. We postulate that proteolytic-antiproteolytic balance and structural acclimation reinforce the fine-tuning to Al<sup>3+</sup>.
format	article
author	Joanna Szewińska Elżbieta Różańska Ewa Papierowska Mateusz Labudda
author_facet	Joanna Szewińska Elżbieta Różańska Ewa Papierowska Mateusz Labudda
author_sort	Joanna Szewińska
title	Proteolytic and Structural Changes in Rye and Triticale Roots under Aluminum Stress
title_short	Proteolytic and Structural Changes in Rye and Triticale Roots under Aluminum Stress
title_full	Proteolytic and Structural Changes in Rye and Triticale Roots under Aluminum Stress
title_fullStr	Proteolytic and Structural Changes in Rye and Triticale Roots under Aluminum Stress
title_full_unstemmed	Proteolytic and Structural Changes in Rye and Triticale Roots under Aluminum Stress
title_sort	proteolytic and structural changes in rye and triticale roots under aluminum stress
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c411cd53c12440758303230419283279
work_keys_str_mv	AT joannaszewinska proteolyticandstructuralchangesinryeandtriticalerootsunderaluminumstress AT elzbietarozanska proteolyticandstructuralchangesinryeandtriticalerootsunderaluminumstress AT ewapapierowska proteolyticandstructuralchangesinryeandtriticalerootsunderaluminumstress AT mateuszlabudda proteolyticandstructuralchangesinryeandtriticalerootsunderaluminumstress
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Proteolytic and Structural Changes in Rye and Triticale Roots under Aluminum Stress

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