Where does human plague still persist in Latin America?

<h4>Background</h4>Plague is an epidemic-prone disease with a potential impact on public health, international trade, and tourism. It may emerge and re-emerge after decades of epidemiological silence. Today, in Latin America, human cases and foci are present in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador,...

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Autores principales:	Maria Cristina Schneider, Patricia Najera, Sylvain Aldighieri, Deise I Galan, Eric Bertherat, Alfonso Ruiz, Elsy Dumit, Jean Marc Gabastou, Marcos A Espinal
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c43981971b0a47c7940f72d71d93be8d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c43981971b0a47c7940f72d71d93be8d2021-11-18T09:16:25ZWhere does human plague still persist in Latin America?1935-27271935-273510.1371/journal.pntd.0002680https://doaj.org/article/c43981971b0a47c7940f72d71d93be8d2014-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24516682/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735<h4>Background</h4>Plague is an epidemic-prone disease with a potential impact on public health, international trade, and tourism. It may emerge and re-emerge after decades of epidemiological silence. Today, in Latin America, human cases and foci are present in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.<h4>Aims</h4>The objective of this study is to identify where cases of human plague still persist in Latin America and map areas that may be at risk for emergence or re-emergence. This analysis will provide evidence-based information for countries to prioritize areas for intervention.<h4>Methods</h4>Evidence of the presence of plague was demonstrated using existing official information from WHO, PAHO, and Ministries of Health. A geo-referenced database was created to map the historical presence of plague by country between the first registered case in 1899 and 2012. Areas where plague still persists were mapped at the second level of the political/administrative divisions (counties). Selected demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental variables were described.<h4>Results</h4>Plague was found to be present for one or more years in 14 out of 25 countries in Latin America (1899-2012). Foci persisted in six countries, two of which have no report of current cases. There is evidence that human cases of plague still persist in 18 counties. Demographic and poverty patterns were observed in 11/18 counties. Four types of biomes are most commonly found. 12/18 have an average altitude higher than 1,300 meters above sea level.<h4>Discussion</h4>Even though human plague cases are very localized, the risk is present, and unexpected outbreaks could occur. Countries need to make the final push to eliminate plague as a public health problem for the Americas. A further disaggregated risk evaluation is recommended, including identification of foci and possible interactions among areas where plague could emerge or re-emerge. A closer geographical approach and environmental characterization are suggested.Maria Cristina SchneiderPatricia NajeraSylvain AldighieriDeise I GalanEric BertheratAlfonso RuizElsy DumitJean Marc GabastouMarcos A EspinalPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleArctic medicine. Tropical medicineRC955-962Public aspects of medicineRA1-1270ENPLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 8, Iss 2, p e2680 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
spellingShingle	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Maria Cristina Schneider Patricia Najera Sylvain Aldighieri Deise I Galan Eric Bertherat Alfonso Ruiz Elsy Dumit Jean Marc Gabastou Marcos A Espinal Where does human plague still persist in Latin America?
description	<h4>Background</h4>Plague is an epidemic-prone disease with a potential impact on public health, international trade, and tourism. It may emerge and re-emerge after decades of epidemiological silence. Today, in Latin America, human cases and foci are present in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.<h4>Aims</h4>The objective of this study is to identify where cases of human plague still persist in Latin America and map areas that may be at risk for emergence or re-emergence. This analysis will provide evidence-based information for countries to prioritize areas for intervention.<h4>Methods</h4>Evidence of the presence of plague was demonstrated using existing official information from WHO, PAHO, and Ministries of Health. A geo-referenced database was created to map the historical presence of plague by country between the first registered case in 1899 and 2012. Areas where plague still persists were mapped at the second level of the political/administrative divisions (counties). Selected demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental variables were described.<h4>Results</h4>Plague was found to be present for one or more years in 14 out of 25 countries in Latin America (1899-2012). Foci persisted in six countries, two of which have no report of current cases. There is evidence that human cases of plague still persist in 18 counties. Demographic and poverty patterns were observed in 11/18 counties. Four types of biomes are most commonly found. 12/18 have an average altitude higher than 1,300 meters above sea level.<h4>Discussion</h4>Even though human plague cases are very localized, the risk is present, and unexpected outbreaks could occur. Countries need to make the final push to eliminate plague as a public health problem for the Americas. A further disaggregated risk evaluation is recommended, including identification of foci and possible interactions among areas where plague could emerge or re-emerge. A closer geographical approach and environmental characterization are suggested.
format	article
author	Maria Cristina Schneider Patricia Najera Sylvain Aldighieri Deise I Galan Eric Bertherat Alfonso Ruiz Elsy Dumit Jean Marc Gabastou Marcos A Espinal
author_facet	Maria Cristina Schneider Patricia Najera Sylvain Aldighieri Deise I Galan Eric Bertherat Alfonso Ruiz Elsy Dumit Jean Marc Gabastou Marcos A Espinal
author_sort	Maria Cristina Schneider
title	Where does human plague still persist in Latin America?
title_short	Where does human plague still persist in Latin America?
title_full	Where does human plague still persist in Latin America?
title_fullStr	Where does human plague still persist in Latin America?
title_full_unstemmed	Where does human plague still persist in Latin America?
title_sort	where does human plague still persist in latin america?
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/c43981971b0a47c7940f72d71d93be8d
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Where does human plague still persist in Latin America?

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