Structural, Electromagnetic and Microwave Properties of Magnetite Extracted from Mill Scale Waste via Conventional Ball Milling and Mechanical Alloying Techniques
This study presents the utilization of mill scale waste, which has attracted much attention due to its high content of magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>). This work focuses on the extraction of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> from mill scale waste via...
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2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:c4681e0b175046c8ab7db12d93c2b00c2021-11-25T18:16:09ZStructural, Electromagnetic and Microwave Properties of Magnetite Extracted from Mill Scale Waste via Conventional Ball Milling and Mechanical Alloying Techniques10.3390/ma142270751996-1944https://doaj.org/article/c4681e0b175046c8ab7db12d93c2b00c2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/22/7075https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1944This study presents the utilization of mill scale waste, which has attracted much attention due to its high content of magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>). This work focuses on the extraction of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> from mill scale waste via magnetic separation, and ball milling was used to fabricate a microwave absorber. The extracted magnetic powder was ground-milled using two different techniques: (i) a conventional milling technique (CM) and (ii) mechanical alloying (MM) process. The Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/CM samples were prepared by a conventional milling process using steel pot ball milling, while the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/MM samples were prepared using a high-energy ball milling (HEBM) method. The effect of milling time on the structural, phase composition, and electromagnetic properties were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a vector network analyzer (VNA). XRD confirmed the formation of magnetite after both the magnetic separation and milling processes. The results revealed that Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> exhibited excellent microwave absorption properties because of the synergistic characteristics of its dielectric and magnetic loss. The results showed that the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/CM particle powder had a greater absorption power (reflection loss: <−10 dB) with 99.9% absorption, a minimum reflection loss of −30.83 dB, and an effective bandwidth of 2.30 GHz for 2 mm thick samples. The results revealed the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/MM powders had higher absorption properties, including a higher RL of −20.59 dB and a broader bandwidth of 2.43 GHz at a matching thickness of only 1 mm. The higher microwave absorption performance was attributed to the better impedance matching property caused by the porous microstructure. Furthermore, the magnetite, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> showed superior microwave absorption characteristics because of the lower value of permittivity, which resulted in better impedance matching. This study presents a low-cost approach method by reutilizing mill scale waste to fabricate a high purity crystalline Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> with the best potential for designing magnetic nano-sized based microwave absorbers.Madiha Fathi ElmahaishiRaba’ah Syahidah AzisIsmayadi IsmailMuhammad Syazwan MustaffaZulkifly AbbasKhamirul Amin MatoriFarah Diana MuhammadNor Kamilah SaatRodziah NazlanIdza Riati IbrahimNor Hapishah AbdullahNurhidayaty MokhtarMDPI AGarticlemagnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)mill scaleconventional milling (CM)mechanical alloying milling (MM)microwaveelectromagnetic propertiesTechnologyTElectrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineeringTK1-9971Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040MicroscopyQH201-278.5Descriptive and experimental mechanicsQC120-168.85ENMaterials, Vol 14, Iss 7075, p 7075 (2021) |
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magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) mill scale conventional milling (CM) mechanical alloying milling (MM) microwave electromagnetic properties Technology T Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Microscopy QH201-278.5 Descriptive and experimental mechanics QC120-168.85 |
| spellingShingle |
magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) mill scale conventional milling (CM) mechanical alloying milling (MM) microwave electromagnetic properties Technology T Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering TK1-9971 Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Microscopy QH201-278.5 Descriptive and experimental mechanics QC120-168.85 Madiha Fathi Elmahaishi Raba’ah Syahidah Azis Ismayadi Ismail Muhammad Syazwan Mustaffa Zulkifly Abbas Khamirul Amin Matori Farah Diana Muhammad Nor Kamilah Saat Rodziah Nazlan Idza Riati Ibrahim Nor Hapishah Abdullah Nurhidayaty Mokhtar Structural, Electromagnetic and Microwave Properties of Magnetite Extracted from Mill Scale Waste via Conventional Ball Milling and Mechanical Alloying Techniques |
| description |
This study presents the utilization of mill scale waste, which has attracted much attention due to its high content of magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>). This work focuses on the extraction of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> from mill scale waste via magnetic separation, and ball milling was used to fabricate a microwave absorber. The extracted magnetic powder was ground-milled using two different techniques: (i) a conventional milling technique (CM) and (ii) mechanical alloying (MM) process. The Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/CM samples were prepared by a conventional milling process using steel pot ball milling, while the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/MM samples were prepared using a high-energy ball milling (HEBM) method. The effect of milling time on the structural, phase composition, and electromagnetic properties were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a vector network analyzer (VNA). XRD confirmed the formation of magnetite after both the magnetic separation and milling processes. The results revealed that Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> exhibited excellent microwave absorption properties because of the synergistic characteristics of its dielectric and magnetic loss. The results showed that the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/CM particle powder had a greater absorption power (reflection loss: <−10 dB) with 99.9% absorption, a minimum reflection loss of −30.83 dB, and an effective bandwidth of 2.30 GHz for 2 mm thick samples. The results revealed the Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/MM powders had higher absorption properties, including a higher RL of −20.59 dB and a broader bandwidth of 2.43 GHz at a matching thickness of only 1 mm. The higher microwave absorption performance was attributed to the better impedance matching property caused by the porous microstructure. Furthermore, the magnetite, Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> showed superior microwave absorption characteristics because of the lower value of permittivity, which resulted in better impedance matching. This study presents a low-cost approach method by reutilizing mill scale waste to fabricate a high purity crystalline Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> with the best potential for designing magnetic nano-sized based microwave absorbers. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Madiha Fathi Elmahaishi Raba’ah Syahidah Azis Ismayadi Ismail Muhammad Syazwan Mustaffa Zulkifly Abbas Khamirul Amin Matori Farah Diana Muhammad Nor Kamilah Saat Rodziah Nazlan Idza Riati Ibrahim Nor Hapishah Abdullah Nurhidayaty Mokhtar |
| author_facet |
Madiha Fathi Elmahaishi Raba’ah Syahidah Azis Ismayadi Ismail Muhammad Syazwan Mustaffa Zulkifly Abbas Khamirul Amin Matori Farah Diana Muhammad Nor Kamilah Saat Rodziah Nazlan Idza Riati Ibrahim Nor Hapishah Abdullah Nurhidayaty Mokhtar |
| author_sort |
Madiha Fathi Elmahaishi |
| title |
Structural, Electromagnetic and Microwave Properties of Magnetite Extracted from Mill Scale Waste via Conventional Ball Milling and Mechanical Alloying Techniques |
| title_short |
Structural, Electromagnetic and Microwave Properties of Magnetite Extracted from Mill Scale Waste via Conventional Ball Milling and Mechanical Alloying Techniques |
| title_full |
Structural, Electromagnetic and Microwave Properties of Magnetite Extracted from Mill Scale Waste via Conventional Ball Milling and Mechanical Alloying Techniques |
| title_fullStr |
Structural, Electromagnetic and Microwave Properties of Magnetite Extracted from Mill Scale Waste via Conventional Ball Milling and Mechanical Alloying Techniques |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Structural, Electromagnetic and Microwave Properties of Magnetite Extracted from Mill Scale Waste via Conventional Ball Milling and Mechanical Alloying Techniques |
| title_sort |
structural, electromagnetic and microwave properties of magnetite extracted from mill scale waste via conventional ball milling and mechanical alloying techniques |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/c4681e0b175046c8ab7db12d93c2b00c |
| work_keys_str_mv |
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