Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes

Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes

Although numerous validations for the ionospheric peak parameters values (IPPVs) obtained from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) have been conducted using ionosonde measurements as a reference, comprehensive evaluations of the quality of the COSMIC-...

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Autores principales: Shuangshuang Shi, Wang Li, Kefei Zhang, Suqin Wu, Jiaqi Shi, Fucheng Song, Peng Sun
Formato: article
Lenguaje:EN
Publicado: MDPI AG 2021
Materias:
COSMIC-2
data validation
NmF2
hmF2
equatorial ionization anomaly
geomagnetic storm
Science
Q
Acceso en línea:https://doaj.org/article/c4be3f2263404badb2ca9493ad350c2c
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id oai:doaj.org-article:c4be3f2263404badb2ca9493ad350c2c
record_format dspace
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language EN
topic COSMIC-2
data validation
NmF2
hmF2
equatorial ionization anomaly
geomagnetic storm
Science
Q
spellingShingle COSMIC-2
data validation
NmF2
hmF2
equatorial ionization anomaly
geomagnetic storm
Science
Q
Shuangshuang Shi
Wang Li
Kefei Zhang
Suqin Wu
Jiaqi Shi
Fucheng Song
Peng Sun
Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes
description Although numerous validations for the ionospheric peak parameters values (IPPVs) obtained from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) have been conducted using ionosonde measurements as a reference, comprehensive evaluations of the quality of the COSMIC-2 data are still undesirable, especially under geomagnetic storm conditions. In this study, the IPPVs measured by ionosondes (Ramey, Boa Vista, Sao Luis, Jicamarca, Cachoeira Paulista, and Santa Maria) during the period 1 October 2019 to 31 August 2021, are used to evaluate the quality of COSMIC-2 data over low-latitude regions of the Americas. The results show that the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) from COSMIC-2 agrees well with the ionosonde measurements, and the correlation coefficients for the two sets of data at the above six stations are 0.93 (0.84), 0.91 (0.85), 0.91 (0.88), 0.88 (0.79), 0.96 (0.83), and 0.96 (0.87), respectively. The data quality of COSMIC-2 derived <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is largely dependent on geomagnetic latitude. It was also found that <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> derived from COSMIC-2 tends to be underestimated over the stations in Boa Vista and Cachoeira Paulista, which are close to the crests of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), whilst that of the other stations is slightly overestimated. A comparison between COSMIC-measured and ionosonde-derived <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> indicates that the former is systematically higher than the latter. In addition, the differences in the two <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> datasets derived from COSMIC-2 and ionosonde measurements at night are generally smaller than those of daytime, when the EIA is well developed, and vice versa for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, whose RMSE is slightly smaller during daytime (with the exception of Ramey). Furthermore, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> obtained from COSMIC-2 is shown to perform best in summer at Ramey, Boa Vista, Sao Luis, and Santa Maria, best in winter at Jicamarca and Cachoeira Paulista. Finally, the COSMIC-2 electron densities capture the ionospheric dynamic enhancements under a moderate geomagnetic storm condition very well.
format article
author Shuangshuang Shi
Wang Li
Kefei Zhang
Suqin Wu
Jiaqi Shi
Fucheng Song
Peng Sun
author_facet Shuangshuang Shi
Wang Li
Kefei Zhang
Suqin Wu
Jiaqi Shi
Fucheng Song
Peng Sun
author_sort Shuangshuang Shi
title Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes
title_short Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes
title_full Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes
title_fullStr Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes
title_full_unstemmed Validation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes
title_sort validation of cosmic-2-derived ionospheric peak parameters using measurements of ionosondes
publisher MDPI AG
publishDate 2021
url https://doaj.org/article/c4be3f2263404badb2ca9493ad350c2c
work_keys_str_mv AT shuangshuangshi validationofcosmic2derivedionosphericpeakparametersusingmeasurementsofionosondes
AT wangli validationofcosmic2derivedionosphericpeakparametersusingmeasurementsofionosondes
AT kefeizhang validationofcosmic2derivedionosphericpeakparametersusingmeasurementsofionosondes
AT suqinwu validationofcosmic2derivedionosphericpeakparametersusingmeasurementsofionosondes
AT jiaqishi validationofcosmic2derivedionosphericpeakparametersusingmeasurementsofionosondes
AT fuchengsong validationofcosmic2derivedionosphericpeakparametersusingmeasurementsofionosondes
AT pengsun validationofcosmic2derivedionosphericpeakparametersusingmeasurementsofionosondes
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:c4be3f2263404badb2ca9493ad350c2c2021-11-11T18:50:58ZValidation of COSMIC-2-Derived Ionospheric Peak Parameters Using Measurements of Ionosondes10.3390/rs132142382072-4292https://doaj.org/article/c4be3f2263404badb2ca9493ad350c2c2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4238https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292Although numerous validations for the ionospheric peak parameters values (IPPVs) obtained from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) have been conducted using ionosonde measurements as a reference, comprehensive evaluations of the quality of the COSMIC-2 data are still undesirable, especially under geomagnetic storm conditions. In this study, the IPPVs measured by ionosondes (Ramey, Boa Vista, Sao Luis, Jicamarca, Cachoeira Paulista, and Santa Maria) during the period 1 October 2019 to 31 August 2021, are used to evaluate the quality of COSMIC-2 data over low-latitude regions of the Americas. The results show that the <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>) from COSMIC-2 agrees well with the ionosonde measurements, and the correlation coefficients for the two sets of data at the above six stations are 0.93 (0.84), 0.91 (0.85), 0.91 (0.88), 0.88 (0.79), 0.96 (0.83), and 0.96 (0.87), respectively. The data quality of COSMIC-2 derived <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> is largely dependent on geomagnetic latitude. It was also found that <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> derived from COSMIC-2 tends to be underestimated over the stations in Boa Vista and Cachoeira Paulista, which are close to the crests of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), whilst that of the other stations is slightly overestimated. A comparison between COSMIC-measured and ionosonde-derived <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> indicates that the former is systematically higher than the latter. In addition, the differences in the two <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> datasets derived from COSMIC-2 and ionosonde measurements at night are generally smaller than those of daytime, when the EIA is well developed, and vice versa for <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>h</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, whose RMSE is slightly smaller during daytime (with the exception of Ramey). Furthermore, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>m</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> obtained from COSMIC-2 is shown to perform best in summer at Ramey, Boa Vista, Sao Luis, and Santa Maria, best in winter at Jicamarca and Cachoeira Paulista. Finally, the COSMIC-2 electron densities capture the ionospheric dynamic enhancements under a moderate geomagnetic storm condition very well.Shuangshuang ShiWang LiKefei ZhangSuqin WuJiaqi ShiFucheng SongPeng SunMDPI AGarticleCOSMIC-2data validationNmF2hmF2equatorial ionization anomalygeomagnetic stormScienceQENRemote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4238, p 4238 (2021)

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