Comparison of chrysanthemum flowers grown under hydroponic and soil-based systems: yield and transcriptome analysis

Abstract Background Flowers of Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. are used as tea in traditional Chinese cuisine. However, with increasing population and urbanization, water and land availability have become limiting for chrysanthemum tea production. Hydroponic culture enables effective, rapid nutrie...

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Autores principales:	Penghui Ai, Xiaoqi Liu, Zhongai Li, Dongru Kang, Muhammad Ayoub Khan, Han Li, Mengkang Shi, Zicheng Wang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	BMC 2021
Materias:	Chrysanthemum tea Hydroponic and soil system Quality RNA-seq analysis Botany QK1-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c5069b4711144e65b5d73e630acddd27
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c5069b4711144e65b5d73e630acddd272021-11-14T12:09:10ZComparison of chrysanthemum flowers grown under hydroponic and soil-based systems: yield and transcriptome analysis10.1186/s12870-021-03255-41471-2229https://doaj.org/article/c5069b4711144e65b5d73e630acddd272021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-03255-4https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2229Abstract Background Flowers of Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. are used as tea in traditional Chinese cuisine. However, with increasing population and urbanization, water and land availability have become limiting for chrysanthemum tea production. Hydroponic culture enables effective, rapid nutrient exchange, while requiring no soil and less water than soil cultivation. Hydroponic culture can reduce pesticide residues in food and improve the quantity or size of fruits, flowers, and leaves, and the levels of active compounds important for nutrition and health. To date, studies to improve the yield and active compounds of chrysanthemum have focused on soil culture. Moreover, the molecular effects of hydroponic and soil culture on chrysanthemum tea development remain understudied. Results Here, we studied the effects of soil and hydroponic culture on yield and total flavonoid and chlorogenic acid contents in chrysanthemum flowers (C. morifolium ‘wuyuanhuang’). Yield and the total flavonoids and chlorogenic acid contents of chrysanthemum flowers were higher in the hydroponic culture system than in the soil system. Transcriptome profiling using RNA-seq revealed 3858 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between chrysanthemum flowers grown in soil and hydroponic conditions. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment annotation revealed that these differentially transcribed genes are mainly involved in “cytoplasmic part”, “biosynthetic process”, “organic substance biosynthetic process”, “cell wall organization or biogenesis” and other processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed enrichment in “metabolic pathways”, “biosynthesis of secondary metabolites”, “ribosome”, “carbon metabolism”, “plant hormone signal transduction” and other metabolic processes. In functional annotations, pathways related to yield and formation of the main active compounds included phytohormone signaling, secondary metabolism, and cell wall metabolism. Enrichment analysis of transcription factors also showed that under the hydroponic system, bHLH, MYB, NAC, and ERF protein families were involved in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and plant hormone signal transduction. Conclusions Hydroponic culture is a simple and effective way to cultivate chrysanthemum for tea production. A transcriptome analysis of chrysanthemum flowers grown in soil and hydroponic conditions. The large number of DEGs identified confirmed the difference of the regulatory machinery under two culture system.Penghui AiXiaoqi LiuZhongai LiDongru KangMuhammad Ayoub KhanHan LiMengkang ShiZicheng WangBMCarticleChrysanthemum teaHydroponic and soil systemQualityRNA-seq analysisBotanyQK1-989ENBMC Plant Biology, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Chrysanthemum tea Hydroponic and soil system Quality RNA-seq analysis Botany QK1-989
spellingShingle	Chrysanthemum tea Hydroponic and soil system Quality RNA-seq analysis Botany QK1-989 Penghui Ai Xiaoqi Liu Zhongai Li Dongru Kang Muhammad Ayoub Khan Han Li Mengkang Shi Zicheng Wang Comparison of chrysanthemum flowers grown under hydroponic and soil-based systems: yield and transcriptome analysis
description	Abstract Background Flowers of Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. are used as tea in traditional Chinese cuisine. However, with increasing population and urbanization, water and land availability have become limiting for chrysanthemum tea production. Hydroponic culture enables effective, rapid nutrient exchange, while requiring no soil and less water than soil cultivation. Hydroponic culture can reduce pesticide residues in food and improve the quantity or size of fruits, flowers, and leaves, and the levels of active compounds important for nutrition and health. To date, studies to improve the yield and active compounds of chrysanthemum have focused on soil culture. Moreover, the molecular effects of hydroponic and soil culture on chrysanthemum tea development remain understudied. Results Here, we studied the effects of soil and hydroponic culture on yield and total flavonoid and chlorogenic acid contents in chrysanthemum flowers (C. morifolium ‘wuyuanhuang’). Yield and the total flavonoids and chlorogenic acid contents of chrysanthemum flowers were higher in the hydroponic culture system than in the soil system. Transcriptome profiling using RNA-seq revealed 3858 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between chrysanthemum flowers grown in soil and hydroponic conditions. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment annotation revealed that these differentially transcribed genes are mainly involved in “cytoplasmic part”, “biosynthetic process”, “organic substance biosynthetic process”, “cell wall organization or biogenesis” and other processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed enrichment in “metabolic pathways”, “biosynthesis of secondary metabolites”, “ribosome”, “carbon metabolism”, “plant hormone signal transduction” and other metabolic processes. In functional annotations, pathways related to yield and formation of the main active compounds included phytohormone signaling, secondary metabolism, and cell wall metabolism. Enrichment analysis of transcription factors also showed that under the hydroponic system, bHLH, MYB, NAC, and ERF protein families were involved in metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and plant hormone signal transduction. Conclusions Hydroponic culture is a simple and effective way to cultivate chrysanthemum for tea production. A transcriptome analysis of chrysanthemum flowers grown in soil and hydroponic conditions. The large number of DEGs identified confirmed the difference of the regulatory machinery under two culture system.
format	article
author	Penghui Ai Xiaoqi Liu Zhongai Li Dongru Kang Muhammad Ayoub Khan Han Li Mengkang Shi Zicheng Wang
author_facet	Penghui Ai Xiaoqi Liu Zhongai Li Dongru Kang Muhammad Ayoub Khan Han Li Mengkang Shi Zicheng Wang
author_sort	Penghui Ai
title	Comparison of chrysanthemum flowers grown under hydroponic and soil-based systems: yield and transcriptome analysis
title_short	Comparison of chrysanthemum flowers grown under hydroponic and soil-based systems: yield and transcriptome analysis
title_full	Comparison of chrysanthemum flowers grown under hydroponic and soil-based systems: yield and transcriptome analysis
title_fullStr	Comparison of chrysanthemum flowers grown under hydroponic and soil-based systems: yield and transcriptome analysis
title_full_unstemmed	Comparison of chrysanthemum flowers grown under hydroponic and soil-based systems: yield and transcriptome analysis
title_sort	comparison of chrysanthemum flowers grown under hydroponic and soil-based systems: yield and transcriptome analysis
publisher	BMC
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c5069b4711144e65b5d73e630acddd27
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Comparison of chrysanthemum flowers grown under hydroponic and soil-based systems: yield and transcriptome analysis

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