Cardiac and Cerebellar Histomorphology and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (IP3R) Perturbations in Adult Xenopus laevis Following Atrazine Exposure

Despite several reports on the endocrine-disrupting ability of atrazine in amphibian models, few studies have investigated atrazine toxicity in the heart and cerebellum. This study investigated the effect of atrazine on the unique Ca2+ channel-dependent receptor (Inositol 1,4,...

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Autores principales:	Jaclyn Asouzu Johnson, Pilani Nkomozepi, Prosper Opute, Ejikeme Felix Mbajiorgu
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	atrazine Purkinje cerebellum myocytes toxicology IP<sub>3</sub>Rs Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c51bb3a8b5e546d98a219627e6410a6c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c51bb3a8b5e546d98a219627e6410a6c2021-11-11T15:05:27ZCardiac and Cerebellar Histomorphology and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (IP<sub>3</sub>R) Perturbations in Adult <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Following Atrazine Exposure10.3390/app1121100062076-3417https://doaj.org/article/c51bb3a8b5e546d98a219627e6410a6c2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/21/10006https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417Despite several reports on the endocrine-disrupting ability of atrazine in amphibian models, few studies have investigated atrazine toxicity in the heart and cerebellum. This study investigated the effect of atrazine on the unique Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel-dependent receptor (Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; IP<sub>3</sub>R) in the heart and the cerebellum of adult male <i>Xenopus laevis</i> and documented the associated histomorphology changes implicated in cardiac and cerebellar function. Sixty adult male African clawed frogs (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) were exposed to atrazine (0 µg/L (control), 0.01 µg/L, 200 µg/L, and 500 µg/L) for 90 days. Thereafter, heart and cerebellar sections were processed with routine histological stains (heart) or Cresyl violet (brain), and IP<sub>3</sub>R histochemical localization was carried out on both organs. The histomorphology measurements revealed a significant decrease in the mean percentage area fraction of atrial (0.01 µg/L and 200 µg/L) and ventricular myocytes (200 µg/L) with an increased area fraction of interstitial space, while a significant decrease in Purkinje cells was observed in all atrazine groups <i>(p</i> < 0.008, 0.001, and 0.0001). Cardiac IP<sub>3</sub>R was successfully localized, and its mean expression was significantly increased (atrium) or decreased (cerebellum) in all atrazine-exposed groups, suggesting that atrazine may adversely impair cerebellar plasticity and optimal functioning of the heart due to possible disturbances of calcium release, and may also induce several associated cardiac and neural pathophysiologies in all atrazine concentrations, especially at 500 µg/L.Jaclyn Asouzu JohnsonPilani NkomozepiProsper OputeEjikeme Felix MbajiorguMDPI AGarticleatrazinePurkinjecerebellummyocytestoxicologyIP<sub>3</sub>RsTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 10006, p 10006 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	atrazine Purkinje cerebellum myocytes toxicology IP<sub>3</sub>Rs Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	atrazine Purkinje cerebellum myocytes toxicology IP<sub>3</sub>Rs Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Jaclyn Asouzu Johnson Pilani Nkomozepi Prosper Opute Ejikeme Felix Mbajiorgu Cardiac and Cerebellar Histomorphology and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (IP<sub>3</sub>R) Perturbations in Adult <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Following Atrazine Exposure
description	Despite several reports on the endocrine-disrupting ability of atrazine in amphibian models, few studies have investigated atrazine toxicity in the heart and cerebellum. This study investigated the effect of atrazine on the unique Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel-dependent receptor (Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; IP<sub>3</sub>R) in the heart and the cerebellum of adult male <i>Xenopus laevis</i> and documented the associated histomorphology changes implicated in cardiac and cerebellar function. Sixty adult male African clawed frogs (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) were exposed to atrazine (0 µg/L (control), 0.01 µg/L, 200 µg/L, and 500 µg/L) for 90 days. Thereafter, heart and cerebellar sections were processed with routine histological stains (heart) or Cresyl violet (brain), and IP<sub>3</sub>R histochemical localization was carried out on both organs. The histomorphology measurements revealed a significant decrease in the mean percentage area fraction of atrial (0.01 µg/L and 200 µg/L) and ventricular myocytes (200 µg/L) with an increased area fraction of interstitial space, while a significant decrease in Purkinje cells was observed in all atrazine groups <i>(p</i> < 0.008, 0.001, and 0.0001). Cardiac IP<sub>3</sub>R was successfully localized, and its mean expression was significantly increased (atrium) or decreased (cerebellum) in all atrazine-exposed groups, suggesting that atrazine may adversely impair cerebellar plasticity and optimal functioning of the heart due to possible disturbances of calcium release, and may also induce several associated cardiac and neural pathophysiologies in all atrazine concentrations, especially at 500 µg/L.
format	article
author	Jaclyn Asouzu Johnson Pilani Nkomozepi Prosper Opute Ejikeme Felix Mbajiorgu
author_facet	Jaclyn Asouzu Johnson Pilani Nkomozepi Prosper Opute Ejikeme Felix Mbajiorgu
author_sort	Jaclyn Asouzu Johnson
title	Cardiac and Cerebellar Histomorphology and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (IP<sub>3</sub>R) Perturbations in Adult <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Following Atrazine Exposure
title_short	Cardiac and Cerebellar Histomorphology and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (IP<sub>3</sub>R) Perturbations in Adult <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Following Atrazine Exposure
title_full	Cardiac and Cerebellar Histomorphology and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (IP<sub>3</sub>R) Perturbations in Adult <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Following Atrazine Exposure
title_fullStr	Cardiac and Cerebellar Histomorphology and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (IP<sub>3</sub>R) Perturbations in Adult <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Following Atrazine Exposure
title_full_unstemmed	Cardiac and Cerebellar Histomorphology and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (IP<sub>3</sub>R) Perturbations in Adult <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Following Atrazine Exposure
title_sort	cardiac and cerebellar histomorphology and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (ip<sub>3</sub>r) perturbations in adult <i>xenopus laevis</i> following atrazine exposure
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c51bb3a8b5e546d98a219627e6410a6c
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Cardiac and Cerebellar Histomorphology and Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (IP<sub>3</sub>R) Perturbations in Adult <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Following Atrazine Exposure

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