Transcriptomic Analysis of the Host Response to <named-content content-type="genus-species">Giardia duodenalis</named-content> Infection Reveals Redundant Mechanisms for Parasite Control

ABSTRACT The immune system has numerous mechanisms that it can use to combat pathogens and eliminate infections. Nevertheless, studies of immune responses often focus on single pathways required for protective responses. We applied microarray analysis of RNA in order to investigate the types of immu...

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Autores principales:	Ernest A. Tako, Maryam F. Hassimi, Erqiu Li, Steven M. Singer
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2013
Materias:	Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c51c29725bd24a1088de361aaa7e5e97
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c51c29725bd24a1088de361aaa7e5e972021-11-15T15:42:31ZTranscriptomic Analysis of the Host Response to <named-content content-type="genus-species">Giardia duodenalis</named-content> Infection Reveals Redundant Mechanisms for Parasite Control10.1128/mBio.00660-132150-7511https://doaj.org/article/c51c29725bd24a1088de361aaa7e5e972013-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00660-13https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT The immune system has numerous mechanisms that it can use to combat pathogens and eliminate infections. Nevertheless, studies of immune responses often focus on single pathways required for protective responses. We applied microarray analysis of RNA in order to investigate the types of immune responses produced against infection with the intestinal pathogen Giardia duodenalis. Infection with G. duodenalis is one of the most common causes of diarrheal disease in the world. While several potential antiparasitic effector mechanisms, including complement lysis, nitric oxide (NO), and α-defensin peptides, have been shown to inhibit parasite growth or kill Giardia in vitro, studies in vivo have thus far shown clear roles only for antibody and mast cell responses in parasite control. A total of 96 transcripts were identified as being upregulated or repressed more than 2-fold in the small intestine 10 days following infection. Microarray data were validated using quantitative PCR. The most abundant category of transcripts was antibody genes, while the most highly induced transcripts were all mast cell proteases. Among the other induced transcripts was matrix metalloprotease 7 (Mmp7), the protease responsible for production of mature α-defensins in mice. While infections in Mmp7-deficient mice showed only a small increase in parasite numbers, combined genetic deletion of Mmp7 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, Nos2) or pharmacological blockade of iNOS in Mmp7-deficient mice resulted in significant increases in parasite loads following infection. Thus, α-defensins and NO are redundant mechanisms for control of Giardia infections in vivo. IMPORTANCE The immune system has multiple weapons which it uses to help control infections. Many infections result in activation of several of these response mechanisms, but it is not always clear which responses actually contribute to control of the pathogen and which are bystander effects. This study used the intestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis to examine the redundancy in immune responses during infections in mice. Our results showed that at least four distinct mechanisms are activated following infections. Furthermore, by blocking two pathways at the same time, we showed that both mechanisms contribute to control of the infection, whereas blocking single responses showed no or minimal effect in these cases.Ernest A. TakoMaryam F. HassimiErqiu LiSteven M. SingerAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 4, Iss 6 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Microbiology QR1-502 Ernest A. Tako Maryam F. Hassimi Erqiu Li Steven M. Singer Transcriptomic Analysis of the Host Response to <named-content content-type="genus-species">Giardia duodenalis</named-content> Infection Reveals Redundant Mechanisms for Parasite Control
description	ABSTRACT The immune system has numerous mechanisms that it can use to combat pathogens and eliminate infections. Nevertheless, studies of immune responses often focus on single pathways required for protective responses. We applied microarray analysis of RNA in order to investigate the types of immune responses produced against infection with the intestinal pathogen Giardia duodenalis. Infection with G. duodenalis is one of the most common causes of diarrheal disease in the world. While several potential antiparasitic effector mechanisms, including complement lysis, nitric oxide (NO), and α-defensin peptides, have been shown to inhibit parasite growth or kill Giardia in vitro, studies in vivo have thus far shown clear roles only for antibody and mast cell responses in parasite control. A total of 96 transcripts were identified as being upregulated or repressed more than 2-fold in the small intestine 10 days following infection. Microarray data were validated using quantitative PCR. The most abundant category of transcripts was antibody genes, while the most highly induced transcripts were all mast cell proteases. Among the other induced transcripts was matrix metalloprotease 7 (Mmp7), the protease responsible for production of mature α-defensins in mice. While infections in Mmp7-deficient mice showed only a small increase in parasite numbers, combined genetic deletion of Mmp7 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, Nos2) or pharmacological blockade of iNOS in Mmp7-deficient mice resulted in significant increases in parasite loads following infection. Thus, α-defensins and NO are redundant mechanisms for control of Giardia infections in vivo. IMPORTANCE The immune system has multiple weapons which it uses to help control infections. Many infections result in activation of several of these response mechanisms, but it is not always clear which responses actually contribute to control of the pathogen and which are bystander effects. This study used the intestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis to examine the redundancy in immune responses during infections in mice. Our results showed that at least four distinct mechanisms are activated following infections. Furthermore, by blocking two pathways at the same time, we showed that both mechanisms contribute to control of the infection, whereas blocking single responses showed no or minimal effect in these cases.
format	article
author	Ernest A. Tako Maryam F. Hassimi Erqiu Li Steven M. Singer
author_facet	Ernest A. Tako Maryam F. Hassimi Erqiu Li Steven M. Singer
author_sort	Ernest A. Tako
title	Transcriptomic Analysis of the Host Response to <named-content content-type="genus-species">Giardia duodenalis</named-content> Infection Reveals Redundant Mechanisms for Parasite Control
title_short	Transcriptomic Analysis of the Host Response to <named-content content-type="genus-species">Giardia duodenalis</named-content> Infection Reveals Redundant Mechanisms for Parasite Control
title_full	Transcriptomic Analysis of the Host Response to <named-content content-type="genus-species">Giardia duodenalis</named-content> Infection Reveals Redundant Mechanisms for Parasite Control
title_fullStr	Transcriptomic Analysis of the Host Response to <named-content content-type="genus-species">Giardia duodenalis</named-content> Infection Reveals Redundant Mechanisms for Parasite Control
title_full_unstemmed	Transcriptomic Analysis of the Host Response to <named-content content-type="genus-species">Giardia duodenalis</named-content> Infection Reveals Redundant Mechanisms for Parasite Control
title_sort	transcriptomic analysis of the host response to <named-content content-type="genus-species">giardia duodenalis</named-content> infection reveals redundant mechanisms for parasite control
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/c51c29725bd24a1088de361aaa7e5e97
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Transcriptomic Analysis of the Host Response to <named-content content-type="genus-species">Giardia duodenalis</named-content> Infection Reveals Redundant Mechanisms for Parasite Control

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