Direct Imaging of Plant Metabolites in the Rhizosphere Using Laser Desorption Ionization Ultra-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
The interplay of rhizosphere components such as root exudates, microbes, and minerals results in small-scale gradients of organic molecules in the soil around roots. The current methods for the direct chemical imaging of plant metabolites in the rhizosphere often lack molecular information or requir...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:c52a280871d0491a9d154927d81c906c2021-12-03T06:51:35ZDirect Imaging of Plant Metabolites in the Rhizosphere Using Laser Desorption Ionization Ultra-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry1664-462X10.3389/fpls.2021.753812https://doaj.org/article/c52a280871d0491a9d154927d81c906c2021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.753812/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-462XThe interplay of rhizosphere components such as root exudates, microbes, and minerals results in small-scale gradients of organic molecules in the soil around roots. The current methods for the direct chemical imaging of plant metabolites in the rhizosphere often lack molecular information or require labeling with fluorescent tags or isotopes. Here, we present a novel workflow using laser desorption ionization (LDI) combined with mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) to directly analyze plant metabolites in a complex soil matrix. Undisturbed samples of the roots and the surrounding soil of Zea mays L. plants from either field- or laboratory-scale experiments were embedded and cryosectioned to 100 μm thin sections. The target metabolites were detected with a spatial resolution of 25 μm in the root and the surrounding soil based on accurate masses using ultra-high mass resolution laser desorption ionization Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LDI-FT-ICR-MS). Using this workflow, we could determine the rhizosphere gradients of a dihexose (e.g., sucrose) and other plant metabolites (e.g., coumaric acid, vanillic acid). The molecular gradients for the dihexose showed a high abundance of this metabolite in the root and a strong depletion of the signal intensity within 150 μm from the root surface. Analyzing several sections from the same undisturbed soil sample allowed us to follow molecular gradients along the root axis. Benefiting from the ultra-high mass resolution, isotopologues of the dihexose could be readily resolved to enable the detection of stable isotope labels on the compound level. Overall, the direct molecular imaging via LDI-FT-ICR-MS allows for the first time a non-targeted or targeted analysis of plant metabolites in undisturbed soil samples, paving the way to study the turnover of root-derived organic carbon in the rhizosphere with high chemical and spatial resolution.Martin LohseRebecca HaagRebecca HaagEva LippoldDoris VetterleinDoris VetterleinThorsten ReemtsmaThorsten ReemtsmaOliver J. LechtenfeldOliver J. LechtenfeldFrontiers Media S.A.articlechemical imagingspatial metabolomicslow molecular weight organicsroot exudationbiogeochemical gradientsFT-ICR-MSPlant cultureSB1-1110ENFrontiers in Plant Science, Vol 12 (2021) |
| institution |
DOAJ |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
EN |
| topic |
chemical imaging spatial metabolomics low molecular weight organics root exudation biogeochemical gradients FT-ICR-MS Plant culture SB1-1110 |
| spellingShingle |
chemical imaging spatial metabolomics low molecular weight organics root exudation biogeochemical gradients FT-ICR-MS Plant culture SB1-1110 Martin Lohse Rebecca Haag Rebecca Haag Eva Lippold Doris Vetterlein Doris Vetterlein Thorsten Reemtsma Thorsten Reemtsma Oliver J. Lechtenfeld Oliver J. Lechtenfeld Direct Imaging of Plant Metabolites in the Rhizosphere Using Laser Desorption Ionization Ultra-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry |
| description |
The interplay of rhizosphere components such as root exudates, microbes, and minerals results in small-scale gradients of organic molecules in the soil around roots. The current methods for the direct chemical imaging of plant metabolites in the rhizosphere often lack molecular information or require labeling with fluorescent tags or isotopes. Here, we present a novel workflow using laser desorption ionization (LDI) combined with mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) to directly analyze plant metabolites in a complex soil matrix. Undisturbed samples of the roots and the surrounding soil of Zea mays L. plants from either field- or laboratory-scale experiments were embedded and cryosectioned to 100 μm thin sections. The target metabolites were detected with a spatial resolution of 25 μm in the root and the surrounding soil based on accurate masses using ultra-high mass resolution laser desorption ionization Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (LDI-FT-ICR-MS). Using this workflow, we could determine the rhizosphere gradients of a dihexose (e.g., sucrose) and other plant metabolites (e.g., coumaric acid, vanillic acid). The molecular gradients for the dihexose showed a high abundance of this metabolite in the root and a strong depletion of the signal intensity within 150 μm from the root surface. Analyzing several sections from the same undisturbed soil sample allowed us to follow molecular gradients along the root axis. Benefiting from the ultra-high mass resolution, isotopologues of the dihexose could be readily resolved to enable the detection of stable isotope labels on the compound level. Overall, the direct molecular imaging via LDI-FT-ICR-MS allows for the first time a non-targeted or targeted analysis of plant metabolites in undisturbed soil samples, paving the way to study the turnover of root-derived organic carbon in the rhizosphere with high chemical and spatial resolution. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Martin Lohse Rebecca Haag Rebecca Haag Eva Lippold Doris Vetterlein Doris Vetterlein Thorsten Reemtsma Thorsten Reemtsma Oliver J. Lechtenfeld Oliver J. Lechtenfeld |
| author_facet |
Martin Lohse Rebecca Haag Rebecca Haag Eva Lippold Doris Vetterlein Doris Vetterlein Thorsten Reemtsma Thorsten Reemtsma Oliver J. Lechtenfeld Oliver J. Lechtenfeld |
| author_sort |
Martin Lohse |
| title |
Direct Imaging of Plant Metabolites in the Rhizosphere Using Laser Desorption Ionization Ultra-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry |
| title_short |
Direct Imaging of Plant Metabolites in the Rhizosphere Using Laser Desorption Ionization Ultra-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry |
| title_full |
Direct Imaging of Plant Metabolites in the Rhizosphere Using Laser Desorption Ionization Ultra-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry |
| title_fullStr |
Direct Imaging of Plant Metabolites in the Rhizosphere Using Laser Desorption Ionization Ultra-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Direct Imaging of Plant Metabolites in the Rhizosphere Using Laser Desorption Ionization Ultra-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry |
| title_sort |
direct imaging of plant metabolites in the rhizosphere using laser desorption ionization ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry |
| publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/c52a280871d0491a9d154927d81c906c |
| work_keys_str_mv |
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