Understanding the Effect of Stepwise Irrigation on Liquid Holdup and Hysteresis Behavior of Unsaturated Ore Heap

Liquid is a crucial medium to contain soluble oxygen, valuable metal ions, and bacteria in unsaturated heap leaching. Liquid retention behavior is the first critical issue to be considered to efficiently extract low-grade minerals or wastes. In this study, the residual liquid holdup of an unsaturate...

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Autores principales:	Leiming Wang, Shenghua Yin, Bona Deng
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	unsaturated packed bed liquid holdup hysteresis behavior stepwise irrigation heap leaching flow behavior Mineralogy QE351-399.2
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c56843a3c0604b38bf13c72127af1e88
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c56843a3c0604b38bf13c72127af1e882021-11-25T18:26:01ZUnderstanding the Effect of Stepwise Irrigation on Liquid Holdup and Hysteresis Behavior of Unsaturated Ore Heap10.3390/min111111802075-163Xhttps://doaj.org/article/c56843a3c0604b38bf13c72127af1e882021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/11/1180https://doaj.org/toc/2075-163XLiquid is a crucial medium to contain soluble oxygen, valuable metal ions, and bacteria in unsaturated heap leaching. Liquid retention behavior is the first critical issue to be considered to efficiently extract low-grade minerals or wastes. In this study, the residual liquid holdup of an unsaturated packed bed was quantitatively discussed by liquid holdup (<i>θ</i>), residual liquid holdup (<i>θ<sub>residual</sub></i>), relative liquid holdup (<i>θ</i>′), and relative porosity (<i>n</i>) using the designed measuring device. The detailed liquid holdup and the hysteresis behavior under stepwise irrigation are indicated and discussed herein. The results show that relative porosity of the packed bed was negatively related to particle size, and intra-particle porosity was more developed in the −4.0 + 2.0 mm packed bed. The higher liquid retention of the unsaturated packed bed could be obtained by using stepwise irrigation (incrementally improved from 0.001 to 0.1 mm/s) instead of uniform irrigation (0.1 mm/s). It could be explained in that some of the immobile liquid could not flow out of the unsaturated packed bed, and this historical irrigation could have accelerated formation of flow paths. The <i>θ</i> was sensitive to superficial flow rate (or irrigation rate) in that it obviously increased if a higher superficial flow rate (<i>u</i>) was introduced, however, the <i>θ<sub>residual</sub></i> was commonly affected by <i>n</i> and <i>θ</i>′. Moreover, the liquid hysteresis easily performed under stepwise irrigation condition, where <i>θ</i> and <i>θ<sub>residual</sub></i> were larger at <i>u</i> of the decreasing flow rate stage (DFRS) instead of <i>u</i> of the increasing flow rate stage (IFRS). These findings effectively quantify the liquid retention and the hysteresis behavior of ore heap, and the stepwise irrigation provides potential possibility to adjust liquid retention conditions.Leiming WangShenghua YinBona DengMDPI AGarticleunsaturated packed bedliquid holduphysteresis behaviorstepwise irrigationheap leachingflow behaviorMineralogyQE351-399.2ENMinerals, Vol 11, Iss 1180, p 1180 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	unsaturated packed bed liquid holdup hysteresis behavior stepwise irrigation heap leaching flow behavior Mineralogy QE351-399.2
spellingShingle	unsaturated packed bed liquid holdup hysteresis behavior stepwise irrigation heap leaching flow behavior Mineralogy QE351-399.2 Leiming Wang Shenghua Yin Bona Deng Understanding the Effect of Stepwise Irrigation on Liquid Holdup and Hysteresis Behavior of Unsaturated Ore Heap
description	Liquid is a crucial medium to contain soluble oxygen, valuable metal ions, and bacteria in unsaturated heap leaching. Liquid retention behavior is the first critical issue to be considered to efficiently extract low-grade minerals or wastes. In this study, the residual liquid holdup of an unsaturated packed bed was quantitatively discussed by liquid holdup (<i>θ</i>), residual liquid holdup (<i>θ<sub>residual</sub></i>), relative liquid holdup (<i>θ</i>′), and relative porosity (<i>n</i>) using the designed measuring device. The detailed liquid holdup and the hysteresis behavior under stepwise irrigation are indicated and discussed herein. The results show that relative porosity of the packed bed was negatively related to particle size, and intra-particle porosity was more developed in the −4.0 + 2.0 mm packed bed. The higher liquid retention of the unsaturated packed bed could be obtained by using stepwise irrigation (incrementally improved from 0.001 to 0.1 mm/s) instead of uniform irrigation (0.1 mm/s). It could be explained in that some of the immobile liquid could not flow out of the unsaturated packed bed, and this historical irrigation could have accelerated formation of flow paths. The <i>θ</i> was sensitive to superficial flow rate (or irrigation rate) in that it obviously increased if a higher superficial flow rate (<i>u</i>) was introduced, however, the <i>θ<sub>residual</sub></i> was commonly affected by <i>n</i> and <i>θ</i>′. Moreover, the liquid hysteresis easily performed under stepwise irrigation condition, where <i>θ</i> and <i>θ<sub>residual</sub></i> were larger at <i>u</i> of the decreasing flow rate stage (DFRS) instead of <i>u</i> of the increasing flow rate stage (IFRS). These findings effectively quantify the liquid retention and the hysteresis behavior of ore heap, and the stepwise irrigation provides potential possibility to adjust liquid retention conditions.
format	article
author	Leiming Wang Shenghua Yin Bona Deng
author_facet	Leiming Wang Shenghua Yin Bona Deng
author_sort	Leiming Wang
title	Understanding the Effect of Stepwise Irrigation on Liquid Holdup and Hysteresis Behavior of Unsaturated Ore Heap
title_short	Understanding the Effect of Stepwise Irrigation on Liquid Holdup and Hysteresis Behavior of Unsaturated Ore Heap
title_full	Understanding the Effect of Stepwise Irrigation on Liquid Holdup and Hysteresis Behavior of Unsaturated Ore Heap
title_fullStr	Understanding the Effect of Stepwise Irrigation on Liquid Holdup and Hysteresis Behavior of Unsaturated Ore Heap
title_full_unstemmed	Understanding the Effect of Stepwise Irrigation on Liquid Holdup and Hysteresis Behavior of Unsaturated Ore Heap
title_sort	understanding the effect of stepwise irrigation on liquid holdup and hysteresis behavior of unsaturated ore heap
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c56843a3c0604b38bf13c72127af1e88
work_keys_str_mv	AT leimingwang understandingtheeffectofstepwiseirrigationonliquidholdupandhysteresisbehaviorofunsaturatedoreheap AT shenghuayin understandingtheeffectofstepwiseirrigationonliquidholdupandhysteresisbehaviorofunsaturatedoreheap AT bonadeng understandingtheeffectofstepwiseirrigationonliquidholdupandhysteresisbehaviorofunsaturatedoreheap
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Understanding the Effect of Stepwise Irrigation on Liquid Holdup and Hysteresis Behavior of Unsaturated Ore Heap

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