Review: Balancing Selection for Deleterious Alleles in Livestock

Harmful alleles can be under balancing selection due to an interplay of artificial selection for the variant in heterozygotes and purifying selection against the variant in homozygotes. These pleiotropic variants can remain at moderate to high frequency expressing an advantage for favorable traits i...

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Autores principales:	Martijn F. L. Derks, Marije Steensma
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	balancing selection overdominance loss-of-function artificial selection animal breeding Genetics QH426-470
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c56aa3e007a44fd0b30121ed74f711c3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c56aa3e007a44fd0b30121ed74f711c32021-12-03T05:59:18ZReview: Balancing Selection for Deleterious Alleles in Livestock1664-802110.3389/fgene.2021.761728https://doaj.org/article/c56aa3e007a44fd0b30121ed74f711c32021-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2021.761728/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1664-8021Harmful alleles can be under balancing selection due to an interplay of artificial selection for the variant in heterozygotes and purifying selection against the variant in homozygotes. These pleiotropic variants can remain at moderate to high frequency expressing an advantage for favorable traits in heterozygotes, while harmful in homozygotes. The impact on the population and selection strength depends on the consequence of the variant both in heterozygotes and homozygotes. The deleterious phenotype expressed in homozygotes can range from early lethality to a slightly lower fitness in the population. In this review, we explore a range of causative variants under balancing selection including loss-of-function variation (i.e., frameshift, stop-gained variants) and regulatory variation (affecting gene expression). We report that harmful alleles often affect orthologous genes in different species, often influencing analogous traits. The recent discoveries are mainly driven by the increasing genomic and phenotypic resources in livestock populations. However, the low frequency and sometimes subtle effects in homozygotes prevent accurate mapping of such pleiotropic variants, which requires novel strategies to discover. After discovery, the selection strategy for deleterious variants under balancing selection is under debate, as variants can contribute to the heterosis effect in crossbred animals in various livestock species, compensating for the loss in purebred animals. Nevertheless, gene-assisted selection is a useful tool to decrease the frequency of the harmful allele in the population, if desired. Together, this review marks various deleterious variants under balancing selection and describing the functional consequences at the molecular, phenotypic, and population level, providing a resource for further study.Martijn F. L. DerksMartijn F. L. DerksMarije SteensmaFrontiers Media S.A.articlebalancing selectionoverdominanceloss-of-functionartificial selectionanimal breedingGeneticsQH426-470ENFrontiers in Genetics, Vol 12 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	balancing selection overdominance loss-of-function artificial selection animal breeding Genetics QH426-470
spellingShingle	balancing selection overdominance loss-of-function artificial selection animal breeding Genetics QH426-470 Martijn F. L. Derks Martijn F. L. Derks Marije Steensma Review: Balancing Selection for Deleterious Alleles in Livestock
description	Harmful alleles can be under balancing selection due to an interplay of artificial selection for the variant in heterozygotes and purifying selection against the variant in homozygotes. These pleiotropic variants can remain at moderate to high frequency expressing an advantage for favorable traits in heterozygotes, while harmful in homozygotes. The impact on the population and selection strength depends on the consequence of the variant both in heterozygotes and homozygotes. The deleterious phenotype expressed in homozygotes can range from early lethality to a slightly lower fitness in the population. In this review, we explore a range of causative variants under balancing selection including loss-of-function variation (i.e., frameshift, stop-gained variants) and regulatory variation (affecting gene expression). We report that harmful alleles often affect orthologous genes in different species, often influencing analogous traits. The recent discoveries are mainly driven by the increasing genomic and phenotypic resources in livestock populations. However, the low frequency and sometimes subtle effects in homozygotes prevent accurate mapping of such pleiotropic variants, which requires novel strategies to discover. After discovery, the selection strategy for deleterious variants under balancing selection is under debate, as variants can contribute to the heterosis effect in crossbred animals in various livestock species, compensating for the loss in purebred animals. Nevertheless, gene-assisted selection is a useful tool to decrease the frequency of the harmful allele in the population, if desired. Together, this review marks various deleterious variants under balancing selection and describing the functional consequences at the molecular, phenotypic, and population level, providing a resource for further study.
format	article
author	Martijn F. L. Derks Martijn F. L. Derks Marije Steensma
author_facet	Martijn F. L. Derks Martijn F. L. Derks Marije Steensma
author_sort	Martijn F. L. Derks
title	Review: Balancing Selection for Deleterious Alleles in Livestock
title_short	Review: Balancing Selection for Deleterious Alleles in Livestock
title_full	Review: Balancing Selection for Deleterious Alleles in Livestock
title_fullStr	Review: Balancing Selection for Deleterious Alleles in Livestock
title_full_unstemmed	Review: Balancing Selection for Deleterious Alleles in Livestock
title_sort	review: balancing selection for deleterious alleles in livestock
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c56aa3e007a44fd0b30121ed74f711c3
work_keys_str_mv	AT martijnflderks reviewbalancingselectionfordeleteriousallelesinlivestock AT martijnflderks reviewbalancingselectionfordeleteriousallelesinlivestock AT marijesteensma reviewbalancingselectionfordeleteriousallelesinlivestock
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Review: Balancing Selection for Deleterious Alleles in Livestock

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