Strong thermal stratification reduces detection efficiency and range of acoustic telemetry in a large freshwater lake

Abstract Background The successful use of acoustic telemetry to detect fish hinges on understanding the factors that control the acoustic range. The speed-of-sound in water is primarily a function of density, and in freshwater lakes density is primarily driven by temperature. The strong seasonal the...

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Autores principales:	Yulong Kuai, Natalie V. Klinard, Aaron T. Fisk, Timothy B. Johnson, Edmund A. Halfyard, Dale M. Webber, Stephanie J. Smedbol, Mathew G. Wells
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	BMC 2021
Materias:	Acoustic telemetry Detection efficiency Detection range Thermal stratification Sound speed difference Sound speed gradients Ecology QH540-549.5 Animal biochemistry QP501-801
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c57979f8726e4f5fa1c0ec71d1dde8bb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c57979f8726e4f5fa1c0ec71d1dde8bb2021-11-28T12:38:20ZStrong thermal stratification reduces detection efficiency and range of acoustic telemetry in a large freshwater lake10.1186/s40317-021-00270-y2050-3385https://doaj.org/article/c57979f8726e4f5fa1c0ec71d1dde8bb2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40317-021-00270-yhttps://doaj.org/toc/2050-3385Abstract Background The successful use of acoustic telemetry to detect fish hinges on understanding the factors that control the acoustic range. The speed-of-sound in water is primarily a function of density, and in freshwater lakes density is primarily driven by temperature. The strong seasonal thermal stratification in the Great Lakes represent some of the steepest sound speed gradients in any aquatic system. Such speed-of-sound gradients can refract sound waves leading to greater divergence of acoustic signal, and hence more rapid attenuation. The changes in sound attenuation change the detection range of a telemetry array and hence influence the ability to monitor fish. We use 3 months of data from a sentinel array of V9 and V16 Vemco acoustic fish tags, and a record of temperature profiles to determine how changes in stratification influence acoustic range in eastern Lake Ontario. Result We interpret data from an acoustic telemetry array in Lake Ontario to show that changes in acoustic detection efficiency and range correlate strongly with changes in sound speed gradients due to thermal stratification. The steepest sound speed gradients of 10.38 m s−1/m crossing the thermocline occurred in late summer, which caused the sound speed difference between the top and bottom of the water column to be greater than 60 m/s. V9 tags transmitting across the thermocline could have their acoustic range reduced from > 650 m to 350 m, while the more powerful V16 tags had their range reduced from > 650 m to 450 m. In contrast we found that when the acoustic source and receiver were both transmitting below thermocline there was no change in range, even as the strength of sound speed gradient varied. Conclusion Changes in thermal stratification occur routinely in the Great Lakes, on timescales between months and days. The acoustic range can be reduced by as much as 50% compared to unstratified conditions when fish move across the thermocline. We recommend that researchers consider the influences of thermal stratification to acoustic telemetry when configuring receiver position.Yulong KuaiNatalie V. KlinardAaron T. FiskTimothy B. JohnsonEdmund A. HalfyardDale M. WebberStephanie J. SmedbolMathew G. WellsBMCarticleAcoustic telemetryDetection efficiencyDetection rangeThermal stratificationSound speed differenceSound speed gradientsEcologyQH540-549.5Animal biochemistryQP501-801ENAnimal Biotelemetry, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Acoustic telemetry Detection efficiency Detection range Thermal stratification Sound speed difference Sound speed gradients Ecology QH540-549.5 Animal biochemistry QP501-801
spellingShingle	Acoustic telemetry Detection efficiency Detection range Thermal stratification Sound speed difference Sound speed gradients Ecology QH540-549.5 Animal biochemistry QP501-801 Yulong Kuai Natalie V. Klinard Aaron T. Fisk Timothy B. Johnson Edmund A. Halfyard Dale M. Webber Stephanie J. Smedbol Mathew G. Wells Strong thermal stratification reduces detection efficiency and range of acoustic telemetry in a large freshwater lake
description	Abstract Background The successful use of acoustic telemetry to detect fish hinges on understanding the factors that control the acoustic range. The speed-of-sound in water is primarily a function of density, and in freshwater lakes density is primarily driven by temperature. The strong seasonal thermal stratification in the Great Lakes represent some of the steepest sound speed gradients in any aquatic system. Such speed-of-sound gradients can refract sound waves leading to greater divergence of acoustic signal, and hence more rapid attenuation. The changes in sound attenuation change the detection range of a telemetry array and hence influence the ability to monitor fish. We use 3 months of data from a sentinel array of V9 and V16 Vemco acoustic fish tags, and a record of temperature profiles to determine how changes in stratification influence acoustic range in eastern Lake Ontario. Result We interpret data from an acoustic telemetry array in Lake Ontario to show that changes in acoustic detection efficiency and range correlate strongly with changes in sound speed gradients due to thermal stratification. The steepest sound speed gradients of 10.38 m s−1/m crossing the thermocline occurred in late summer, which caused the sound speed difference between the top and bottom of the water column to be greater than 60 m/s. V9 tags transmitting across the thermocline could have their acoustic range reduced from > 650 m to 350 m, while the more powerful V16 tags had their range reduced from > 650 m to 450 m. In contrast we found that when the acoustic source and receiver were both transmitting below thermocline there was no change in range, even as the strength of sound speed gradient varied. Conclusion Changes in thermal stratification occur routinely in the Great Lakes, on timescales between months and days. The acoustic range can be reduced by as much as 50% compared to unstratified conditions when fish move across the thermocline. We recommend that researchers consider the influences of thermal stratification to acoustic telemetry when configuring receiver position.
format	article
author	Yulong Kuai Natalie V. Klinard Aaron T. Fisk Timothy B. Johnson Edmund A. Halfyard Dale M. Webber Stephanie J. Smedbol Mathew G. Wells
author_facet	Yulong Kuai Natalie V. Klinard Aaron T. Fisk Timothy B. Johnson Edmund A. Halfyard Dale M. Webber Stephanie J. Smedbol Mathew G. Wells
author_sort	Yulong Kuai
title	Strong thermal stratification reduces detection efficiency and range of acoustic telemetry in a large freshwater lake
title_short	Strong thermal stratification reduces detection efficiency and range of acoustic telemetry in a large freshwater lake
title_full	Strong thermal stratification reduces detection efficiency and range of acoustic telemetry in a large freshwater lake
title_fullStr	Strong thermal stratification reduces detection efficiency and range of acoustic telemetry in a large freshwater lake
title_full_unstemmed	Strong thermal stratification reduces detection efficiency and range of acoustic telemetry in a large freshwater lake
title_sort	strong thermal stratification reduces detection efficiency and range of acoustic telemetry in a large freshwater lake
publisher	BMC
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c57979f8726e4f5fa1c0ec71d1dde8bb
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Strong thermal stratification reduces detection efficiency and range of acoustic telemetry in a large freshwater lake

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