Which environmental factors control extreme thermal events in rivers? A multi-scale approach (Wallonia, Belgium)

Managers need to know how to mitigate rising stream water temperature (WT) due to climate change. This requires identifying the environmental drivers that influence thermal regime and determining the spatial area where interventions are most effective. We hypothesized that (i) extreme thermal events...

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Autores principales:	Blandine Georges, Adrien Michez, Hervé Piegay, Leo Huylenbroeck, Philippe Lejeune, Yves Brostaux
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	PeerJ Inc. 2021
Materias:	Stream water temperature Riparian vegetation Channel morphology Shade Extreme Environmental factors Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c6142b7acf0f4174acbc44f12f8b2f92
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c6142b7acf0f4174acbc44f12f8b2f922021-11-24T15:05:10ZWhich environmental factors control extreme thermal events in rivers? A multi-scale approach (Wallonia, Belgium)10.7717/peerj.124942167-8359https://doaj.org/article/c6142b7acf0f4174acbc44f12f8b2f922021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://peerj.com/articles/12494.pdfhttps://peerj.com/articles/12494/https://doaj.org/toc/2167-8359Managers need to know how to mitigate rising stream water temperature (WT) due to climate change. This requires identifying the environmental drivers that influence thermal regime and determining the spatial area where interventions are most effective. We hypothesized that (i) extreme thermal events can be influenced by a set of environmental factors that reduce thermal sensitivity and (ii) the role played by those factors varies spatially. To test these hypotheses, we (i) determined which of the environmental variables reported to be the most influential affected WT and (ii)identified the spatial scales over which those environmental variables influenced WT. To this end, the influence of multi-scale environmental variables, namely land cover, topography (channel slope, elevation), hydromorphology (channel sinuosity, water level, watershed area, baseflow index) and shade conditions, was analyzed on the three model variables (day thermal sensitivity, night thermal sensitivity, and non-convective thermal flux) in the model developed by Georges et al. (2021) of the temporal thermal dynamics of daily maximum WT during extreme events. Values were calculated on six spatial scales (the entire upstream catchment and the associated 1 km and 2 km circular buffer, and 50 m wide corridors on each side of the stream with the associated 1 km and 2 km circular buffer). The period considered was 17 extreme days during the summer identified by Georges et al. (2021) based on WT data measured every 10 min for 7 years (2012–2018) at 92 measurement sites. Sites were located evenly throughout the Wallonia (southern Belgium) hydrological network. Results showed that shade, baseflow index (a proxy of the influence of groundwater), water level and watershed area were the most significant variables influencing thermal sensitivity. Since managers with finite financial and human resources can act on only a few environmental variables, we advocate restoring and preserving the vegetation cover that limits solar radiation on the watercourse as a cost-effective solution to reduce thermal sensitivity. Moreover, management at small spatial scale (50 m riparian buffer) should be strategically promoted (for finance and staffing) as our results show that a larger management scale is not more effective in reducing thermal sensitivity to extreme events.Blandine GeorgesAdrien MichezHervé PiegayLeo HuylenbroeckPhilippe LejeuneYves BrostauxPeerJ Inc.articleStream water temperatureRiparian vegetationChannel morphologyShadeExtremeEnvironmental factorsMedicineRENPeerJ, Vol 9, p e12494 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Stream water temperature Riparian vegetation Channel morphology Shade Extreme Environmental factors Medicine R
spellingShingle	Stream water temperature Riparian vegetation Channel morphology Shade Extreme Environmental factors Medicine R Blandine Georges Adrien Michez Hervé Piegay Leo Huylenbroeck Philippe Lejeune Yves Brostaux Which environmental factors control extreme thermal events in rivers? A multi-scale approach (Wallonia, Belgium)
description	Managers need to know how to mitigate rising stream water temperature (WT) due to climate change. This requires identifying the environmental drivers that influence thermal regime and determining the spatial area where interventions are most effective. We hypothesized that (i) extreme thermal events can be influenced by a set of environmental factors that reduce thermal sensitivity and (ii) the role played by those factors varies spatially. To test these hypotheses, we (i) determined which of the environmental variables reported to be the most influential affected WT and (ii)identified the spatial scales over which those environmental variables influenced WT. To this end, the influence of multi-scale environmental variables, namely land cover, topography (channel slope, elevation), hydromorphology (channel sinuosity, water level, watershed area, baseflow index) and shade conditions, was analyzed on the three model variables (day thermal sensitivity, night thermal sensitivity, and non-convective thermal flux) in the model developed by Georges et al. (2021) of the temporal thermal dynamics of daily maximum WT during extreme events. Values were calculated on six spatial scales (the entire upstream catchment and the associated 1 km and 2 km circular buffer, and 50 m wide corridors on each side of the stream with the associated 1 km and 2 km circular buffer). The period considered was 17 extreme days during the summer identified by Georges et al. (2021) based on WT data measured every 10 min for 7 years (2012–2018) at 92 measurement sites. Sites were located evenly throughout the Wallonia (southern Belgium) hydrological network. Results showed that shade, baseflow index (a proxy of the influence of groundwater), water level and watershed area were the most significant variables influencing thermal sensitivity. Since managers with finite financial and human resources can act on only a few environmental variables, we advocate restoring and preserving the vegetation cover that limits solar radiation on the watercourse as a cost-effective solution to reduce thermal sensitivity. Moreover, management at small spatial scale (50 m riparian buffer) should be strategically promoted (for finance and staffing) as our results show that a larger management scale is not more effective in reducing thermal sensitivity to extreme events.
format	article
author	Blandine Georges Adrien Michez Hervé Piegay Leo Huylenbroeck Philippe Lejeune Yves Brostaux
author_facet	Blandine Georges Adrien Michez Hervé Piegay Leo Huylenbroeck Philippe Lejeune Yves Brostaux
author_sort	Blandine Georges
title	Which environmental factors control extreme thermal events in rivers? A multi-scale approach (Wallonia, Belgium)
title_short	Which environmental factors control extreme thermal events in rivers? A multi-scale approach (Wallonia, Belgium)
title_full	Which environmental factors control extreme thermal events in rivers? A multi-scale approach (Wallonia, Belgium)
title_fullStr	Which environmental factors control extreme thermal events in rivers? A multi-scale approach (Wallonia, Belgium)
title_full_unstemmed	Which environmental factors control extreme thermal events in rivers? A multi-scale approach (Wallonia, Belgium)
title_sort	which environmental factors control extreme thermal events in rivers? a multi-scale approach (wallonia, belgium)
publisher	PeerJ Inc.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c6142b7acf0f4174acbc44f12f8b2f92
work_keys_str_mv	AT blandinegeorges whichenvironmentalfactorscontrolextremethermaleventsinriversamultiscaleapproachwalloniabelgium AT adrienmichez whichenvironmentalfactorscontrolextremethermaleventsinriversamultiscaleapproachwalloniabelgium AT hervepiegay whichenvironmentalfactorscontrolextremethermaleventsinriversamultiscaleapproachwalloniabelgium AT leohuylenbroeck whichenvironmentalfactorscontrolextremethermaleventsinriversamultiscaleapproachwalloniabelgium AT philippelejeune whichenvironmentalfactorscontrolextremethermaleventsinriversamultiscaleapproachwalloniabelgium AT yvesbrostaux whichenvironmentalfactorscontrolextremethermaleventsinriversamultiscaleapproachwalloniabelgium
_version_	1718414955754029056

Which environmental factors control extreme thermal events in rivers? A multi-scale approach (Wallonia, Belgium)

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