The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis

Reports regarding brain inflammation, known as encephalitis, have shown an increasing frequency during the past years. Encephalitis is a relevant concern to public health due to its high morbidity and mortality. Infectious or autoimmune diseases are the most common cause of encephalitis. The clinica...

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Autores principales:	Karen Bohmwald, Catalina A. Andrade, Nicolás M. S. Gálvez, Valentina P. Mora, José T. Muñoz, Alexis M. Kalergis
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	encephalitis inflammation central nervous system viral infection cognitive impairment Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c7141f45ddf249c2bc7bcd9c8e250a3d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c7141f45ddf249c2bc7bcd9c8e250a3d2021-12-01T15:06:04ZThe Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis1662-510210.3389/fncel.2021.755875https://doaj.org/article/c7141f45ddf249c2bc7bcd9c8e250a3d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2021.755875/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1662-5102Reports regarding brain inflammation, known as encephalitis, have shown an increasing frequency during the past years. Encephalitis is a relevant concern to public health due to its high morbidity and mortality. Infectious or autoimmune diseases are the most common cause of encephalitis. The clinical symptoms of this pathology can vary depending on the brain zone affected, with mild ones such as fever, headache, confusion, and stiff neck, or severe ones, such as seizures, weakness, hallucinations, and coma, among others. Encephalitis can affect individuals of all ages, but it is frequently observed in pediatric and elderly populations, and the most common causes are viral infections. Several viral agents have been described to induce encephalitis, such as arboviruses, rhabdoviruses, enteroviruses, herpesviruses, retroviruses, orthomyxoviruses, orthopneumovirus, and coronaviruses, among others. Once a neurotropic virus reaches the brain parenchyma, the resident cells such as neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, can be infected, promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and the subsequent immune cell infiltration that leads to brain damage. After resolving the viral infection, the local immune response can remain active, contributing to long-term neuropsychiatric disorders, neurocognitive impairment, and degenerative diseases. In this article, we will discuss how viruses can reach the brain, the impact of viral encephalitis on brain function, and we will focus especially on the neurocognitive sequelae reported even after viral clearance.Karen BohmwaldCatalina A. AndradeNicolás M. S. GálvezValentina P. MoraJosé T. MuñozAlexis M. KalergisAlexis M. KalergisFrontiers Media S.A.articleencephalitisinflammationcentral nervous systemviral infectioncognitive impairmentNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571ENFrontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, Vol 15 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	encephalitis inflammation central nervous system viral infection cognitive impairment Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
spellingShingle	encephalitis inflammation central nervous system viral infection cognitive impairment Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Karen Bohmwald Catalina A. Andrade Nicolás M. S. Gálvez Valentina P. Mora José T. Muñoz Alexis M. Kalergis Alexis M. Kalergis The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis
description	Reports regarding brain inflammation, known as encephalitis, have shown an increasing frequency during the past years. Encephalitis is a relevant concern to public health due to its high morbidity and mortality. Infectious or autoimmune diseases are the most common cause of encephalitis. The clinical symptoms of this pathology can vary depending on the brain zone affected, with mild ones such as fever, headache, confusion, and stiff neck, or severe ones, such as seizures, weakness, hallucinations, and coma, among others. Encephalitis can affect individuals of all ages, but it is frequently observed in pediatric and elderly populations, and the most common causes are viral infections. Several viral agents have been described to induce encephalitis, such as arboviruses, rhabdoviruses, enteroviruses, herpesviruses, retroviruses, orthomyxoviruses, orthopneumovirus, and coronaviruses, among others. Once a neurotropic virus reaches the brain parenchyma, the resident cells such as neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, can be infected, promoting the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules and the subsequent immune cell infiltration that leads to brain damage. After resolving the viral infection, the local immune response can remain active, contributing to long-term neuropsychiatric disorders, neurocognitive impairment, and degenerative diseases. In this article, we will discuss how viruses can reach the brain, the impact of viral encephalitis on brain function, and we will focus especially on the neurocognitive sequelae reported even after viral clearance.
format	article
author	Karen Bohmwald Catalina A. Andrade Nicolás M. S. Gálvez Valentina P. Mora José T. Muñoz Alexis M. Kalergis Alexis M. Kalergis
author_facet	Karen Bohmwald Catalina A. Andrade Nicolás M. S. Gálvez Valentina P. Mora José T. Muñoz Alexis M. Kalergis Alexis M. Kalergis
author_sort	Karen Bohmwald
title	The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis
title_short	The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis
title_full	The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis
title_fullStr	The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis
title_full_unstemmed	The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis
title_sort	causes and long-term consequences of viral encephalitis
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c7141f45ddf249c2bc7bcd9c8e250a3d
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The Causes and Long-Term Consequences of Viral Encephalitis

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