Measurement of the nociceptive flexion reflex threshold in critically ill patients – a randomized observational pilot study

Abstract Background Pain detection and treatment is a major challenge in the care of critically ill patients, rendered more complex by the need to take into consideration the risk of insufficient or excessive analgesia. The nociceptive flexion reflex threshold (NFRT) has become the established basis...

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Autores principales:	Benedikt Schick, Benjamin Mayer, Steffen Walter, Sascha Gruss, Ronald Stitz, Pauline Stitz, Eberhard Barth
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	BMC 2021
Materias:	Pain Critically ill patient Nociceptive flexion reflex threshold Behavioral Pain Scale Excessive analgesia Anesthesiology RD78.3-87.3
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c742e23e54064177bf67dc1d76ce805a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c742e23e54064177bf67dc1d76ce805a2021-11-07T12:18:21ZMeasurement of the nociceptive flexion reflex threshold in critically ill patients – a randomized observational pilot study10.1186/s12871-021-01490-81471-2253https://doaj.org/article/c742e23e54064177bf67dc1d76ce805a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12871-021-01490-8https://doaj.org/toc/1471-2253Abstract Background Pain detection and treatment is a major challenge in the care of critically ill patients, rendered more complex by the need to take into consideration the risk of insufficient or excessive analgesia. The nociceptive flexion reflex threshold (NFRT) has become the established basis for measuring the level of analgesia in the perioperative context. However, it remains unclear whether NFRT measurement can be usefully applied to mechanically ventilated, analgosedated critically ill patients who are unable to communicate. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether there is an association between the NFRT measurement and the Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) in critically ill, analgosedated, and mechanically ventilated patients and whether the NFRT measurement can also detect potential excessive analgesia. Methods This prospective, observational, randomized single-center pilot study included patients admitted to the surgical Intensive Care Unit of University Hospital Ulm, Germany, all of whom were analgosedated and intubated. Major exclusion criteria were defined as the need for the administration of neuromuscular blocking agents or neurological diseases associated with peripheral nerve conduction restriction. Initial NFRT and BPS measurements were conducted within 12 h after admission. A structured pain assessment was performed at least twice daily until extubation throughout the observation period thereafter (Group A: BPS + NFRT, Group B: BPS). Results 114 patients were included in the study. NFRT is associated negatively with BPS. NFRT was almost twice as high in patients with a Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) score of -5 than in patients with a RASS score ≥ -4 (RASS -5 – NFRT: 59.40 vs. RASS -4 – NFRT: 29.00, p < 0.001). Conclusions NFRT measurement is associated negatively with the BPS in critically ill patients. NFRT measurement provides guidance for the evaluation of nociceptive processes in patients with RASS scores ≤ −4, in whom analgesia level is often difficult to assess. However, in order to identify excessive analgesia and derive therapeutic consequences, it is necessary to gradually decrease analgesics and sedatives until a stimulus threshold is reached at which the patient does not feel pain. Trial Registration Retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register, registration number DRKS00021149, date of registration: March 26, 2020. https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00021149 .Benedikt SchickBenjamin MayerSteffen WalterSascha GrussRonald StitzPauline StitzEberhard BarthBMCarticlePainCritically ill patientNociceptive flexion reflex thresholdBehavioral Pain ScaleExcessive analgesiaAnesthesiologyRD78.3-87.3ENBMC Anesthesiology, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Pain Critically ill patient Nociceptive flexion reflex threshold Behavioral Pain Scale Excessive analgesia Anesthesiology RD78.3-87.3
spellingShingle	Pain Critically ill patient Nociceptive flexion reflex threshold Behavioral Pain Scale Excessive analgesia Anesthesiology RD78.3-87.3 Benedikt Schick Benjamin Mayer Steffen Walter Sascha Gruss Ronald Stitz Pauline Stitz Eberhard Barth Measurement of the nociceptive flexion reflex threshold in critically ill patients – a randomized observational pilot study
description	Abstract Background Pain detection and treatment is a major challenge in the care of critically ill patients, rendered more complex by the need to take into consideration the risk of insufficient or excessive analgesia. The nociceptive flexion reflex threshold (NFRT) has become the established basis for measuring the level of analgesia in the perioperative context. However, it remains unclear whether NFRT measurement can be usefully applied to mechanically ventilated, analgosedated critically ill patients who are unable to communicate. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether there is an association between the NFRT measurement and the Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS) in critically ill, analgosedated, and mechanically ventilated patients and whether the NFRT measurement can also detect potential excessive analgesia. Methods This prospective, observational, randomized single-center pilot study included patients admitted to the surgical Intensive Care Unit of University Hospital Ulm, Germany, all of whom were analgosedated and intubated. Major exclusion criteria were defined as the need for the administration of neuromuscular blocking agents or neurological diseases associated with peripheral nerve conduction restriction. Initial NFRT and BPS measurements were conducted within 12 h after admission. A structured pain assessment was performed at least twice daily until extubation throughout the observation period thereafter (Group A: BPS + NFRT, Group B: BPS). Results 114 patients were included in the study. NFRT is associated negatively with BPS. NFRT was almost twice as high in patients with a Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) score of -5 than in patients with a RASS score ≥ -4 (RASS -5 – NFRT: 59.40 vs. RASS -4 – NFRT: 29.00, p < 0.001). Conclusions NFRT measurement is associated negatively with the BPS in critically ill patients. NFRT measurement provides guidance for the evaluation of nociceptive processes in patients with RASS scores ≤ −4, in whom analgesia level is often difficult to assess. However, in order to identify excessive analgesia and derive therapeutic consequences, it is necessary to gradually decrease analgesics and sedatives until a stimulus threshold is reached at which the patient does not feel pain. Trial Registration Retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register, registration number DRKS00021149, date of registration: March 26, 2020. https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00021149 .
format	article
author	Benedikt Schick Benjamin Mayer Steffen Walter Sascha Gruss Ronald Stitz Pauline Stitz Eberhard Barth
author_facet	Benedikt Schick Benjamin Mayer Steffen Walter Sascha Gruss Ronald Stitz Pauline Stitz Eberhard Barth
author_sort	Benedikt Schick
title	Measurement of the nociceptive flexion reflex threshold in critically ill patients – a randomized observational pilot study
title_short	Measurement of the nociceptive flexion reflex threshold in critically ill patients – a randomized observational pilot study
title_full	Measurement of the nociceptive flexion reflex threshold in critically ill patients – a randomized observational pilot study
title_fullStr	Measurement of the nociceptive flexion reflex threshold in critically ill patients – a randomized observational pilot study
title_full_unstemmed	Measurement of the nociceptive flexion reflex threshold in critically ill patients – a randomized observational pilot study
title_sort	measurement of the nociceptive flexion reflex threshold in critically ill patients – a randomized observational pilot study
publisher	BMC
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c742e23e54064177bf67dc1d76ce805a
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Measurement of the nociceptive flexion reflex threshold in critically ill patients – a randomized observational pilot study

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