Relationships between Freezing of Gait Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease

Freezing of gait (FOG) is one of the most debilitating motor symptoms experienced by patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), as it can lead to falls and a reduced quality of life. Evidence supports an association between FOG severity and cognitive functioning; however, results remain debatable. PD p...

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Autores principales:	Jamie L. Scholl, Arturo I. Espinoza, Wijdan Rai, Matt Leedom, Lee A. Baugh, Patti Berg-Poppe, Arun Singh
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	freezing of gait cognition Parkinson’s disease disease severity levodopa Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c75394e83dee40cebe73860fe0f993b7
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c75394e83dee40cebe73860fe0f993b72021-11-25T16:58:30ZRelationships between Freezing of Gait Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease10.3390/brainsci111114962076-3425https://doaj.org/article/c75394e83dee40cebe73860fe0f993b72021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/11/1496https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3425Freezing of gait (FOG) is one of the most debilitating motor symptoms experienced by patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), as it can lead to falls and a reduced quality of life. Evidence supports an association between FOG severity and cognitive functioning; however, results remain debatable. PD patients with (PDFOG+, n = 41) and without FOG (PDFOG–, n = 39) and control healthy subjects (n = 41) participated in this study. The NIH toolbox cognition battery, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the interval timing task were used to test cognitive domains. Measurements were compared between groups using multivariable models and adjusting for covariates. Correlation analyses, linear regression, and mediation models were applied to examine relationships among disease duration and severity, FOG severity, and cognitive functioning. Significant differences were observed between controls and PD patients for all cognitive domains. PDFOG+ and PDFOG– exhibited differences in Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) test, interval timing task, and MoCA scores. After adjusting for covariates in two different models, PDFOG+ and PDFOG– differed in both MoCA and DCCS scores. In addition, significant relationships between FOG severity and cognitive function (MoCA, DCCS, and interval timing) were also found. Regression models suggest that FOG severity may be a predictor of cognitive impairment, and mediation models show the effects of cognitive impairment on the relationship between disease severity and FOG severity. Overall, this study provides insight into the relationship between cognitive and FOG severity in patients with PD, which could aid in the development of therapeutic interventions to manage both.Jamie L. SchollArturo I. EspinozaWijdan RaiMatt LeedomLee A. BaughPatti Berg-PoppeArun SinghMDPI AGarticlefreezing of gaitcognitionParkinson’s diseasedisease severitylevodopaNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571ENBrain Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 1496, p 1496 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	freezing of gait cognition Parkinson’s disease disease severity levodopa Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
spellingShingle	freezing of gait cognition Parkinson’s disease disease severity levodopa Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Jamie L. Scholl Arturo I. Espinoza Wijdan Rai Matt Leedom Lee A. Baugh Patti Berg-Poppe Arun Singh Relationships between Freezing of Gait Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease
description	Freezing of gait (FOG) is one of the most debilitating motor symptoms experienced by patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), as it can lead to falls and a reduced quality of life. Evidence supports an association between FOG severity and cognitive functioning; however, results remain debatable. PD patients with (PDFOG+, n = 41) and without FOG (PDFOG–, n = 39) and control healthy subjects (n = 41) participated in this study. The NIH toolbox cognition battery, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the interval timing task were used to test cognitive domains. Measurements were compared between groups using multivariable models and adjusting for covariates. Correlation analyses, linear regression, and mediation models were applied to examine relationships among disease duration and severity, FOG severity, and cognitive functioning. Significant differences were observed between controls and PD patients for all cognitive domains. PDFOG+ and PDFOG– exhibited differences in Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) test, interval timing task, and MoCA scores. After adjusting for covariates in two different models, PDFOG+ and PDFOG– differed in both MoCA and DCCS scores. In addition, significant relationships between FOG severity and cognitive function (MoCA, DCCS, and interval timing) were also found. Regression models suggest that FOG severity may be a predictor of cognitive impairment, and mediation models show the effects of cognitive impairment on the relationship between disease severity and FOG severity. Overall, this study provides insight into the relationship between cognitive and FOG severity in patients with PD, which could aid in the development of therapeutic interventions to manage both.
format	article
author	Jamie L. Scholl Arturo I. Espinoza Wijdan Rai Matt Leedom Lee A. Baugh Patti Berg-Poppe Arun Singh
author_facet	Jamie L. Scholl Arturo I. Espinoza Wijdan Rai Matt Leedom Lee A. Baugh Patti Berg-Poppe Arun Singh
author_sort	Jamie L. Scholl
title	Relationships between Freezing of Gait Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease
title_short	Relationships between Freezing of Gait Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease
title_full	Relationships between Freezing of Gait Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease
title_fullStr	Relationships between Freezing of Gait Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease
title_full_unstemmed	Relationships between Freezing of Gait Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease
title_sort	relationships between freezing of gait severity and cognitive deficits in parkinson’s disease
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c75394e83dee40cebe73860fe0f993b7
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Relationships between Freezing of Gait Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease

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