Shifting networks and mixing metals: Changing metal trade routes to Scandinavia correlate with Neolithic and Bronze Age transformations.

Based on 550 metal analyses, this study sheds decisive light on how the Nordic Bronze Age was founded on metal imports from shifting ore sources associated with altered trade routes. On-and-off presence of copper characterised the Neolithic. At 2100-2000 BC, a continuous rise in the flow of metals t...

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Autores principales:	Heide W Nørgaard, Ernst Pernicka, Helle Vandkilde
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c76118f375534da0ba5c9538dc0085f8
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c76118f375534da0ba5c9538dc0085f82021-12-02T20:03:52ZShifting networks and mixing metals: Changing metal trade routes to Scandinavia correlate with Neolithic and Bronze Age transformations.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0252376https://doaj.org/article/c76118f375534da0ba5c9538dc0085f82021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252376https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Based on 550 metal analyses, this study sheds decisive light on how the Nordic Bronze Age was founded on metal imports from shifting ore sources associated with altered trade routes. On-and-off presence of copper characterised the Neolithic. At 2100-2000 BC, a continuous rise in the flow of metals to southern Scandinavia begins. First to arrive via the central German Únětician hubs was high-impurity metal from the Austrian Inn Valley and Slovakia; this was complemented by high-tin British metal, enabling early local production of tin bronzes. Increased metal use locally fuelled the leadership competitions visible in the metal-led material culture. The Únětice downfall c.1600 BC resulted for a short period in a raw materials shortage, visible in the reuse of existing stocks, but stimulated direct Nordic access to the Carpathian basin. This new access expedited innovations in metalwork with reliance on chalcopyrite from Slovakia, as well as opening new sources in the eastern Alps, along an eastern route that also conveyed Baltic amber as far as the Aegean. British metal plays a central role during this period. Finally, from c.1500 BC, when British copper imports ceased, the predominance of novel northern Italian copper coincides with the full establishment of the NBA and highlights a western route, connecting the NBA with the southern German Tumulus culture and the first transalpine amber traffic.Heide W NørgaardErnst PernickaHelle VandkildePublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 6, p e0252376 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Heide W Nørgaard Ernst Pernicka Helle Vandkilde Shifting networks and mixing metals: Changing metal trade routes to Scandinavia correlate with Neolithic and Bronze Age transformations.
description	Based on 550 metal analyses, this study sheds decisive light on how the Nordic Bronze Age was founded on metal imports from shifting ore sources associated with altered trade routes. On-and-off presence of copper characterised the Neolithic. At 2100-2000 BC, a continuous rise in the flow of metals to southern Scandinavia begins. First to arrive via the central German Únětician hubs was high-impurity metal from the Austrian Inn Valley and Slovakia; this was complemented by high-tin British metal, enabling early local production of tin bronzes. Increased metal use locally fuelled the leadership competitions visible in the metal-led material culture. The Únětice downfall c.1600 BC resulted for a short period in a raw materials shortage, visible in the reuse of existing stocks, but stimulated direct Nordic access to the Carpathian basin. This new access expedited innovations in metalwork with reliance on chalcopyrite from Slovakia, as well as opening new sources in the eastern Alps, along an eastern route that also conveyed Baltic amber as far as the Aegean. British metal plays a central role during this period. Finally, from c.1500 BC, when British copper imports ceased, the predominance of novel northern Italian copper coincides with the full establishment of the NBA and highlights a western route, connecting the NBA with the southern German Tumulus culture and the first transalpine amber traffic.
format	article
author	Heide W Nørgaard Ernst Pernicka Helle Vandkilde
author_facet	Heide W Nørgaard Ernst Pernicka Helle Vandkilde
author_sort	Heide W Nørgaard
title	Shifting networks and mixing metals: Changing metal trade routes to Scandinavia correlate with Neolithic and Bronze Age transformations.
title_short	Shifting networks and mixing metals: Changing metal trade routes to Scandinavia correlate with Neolithic and Bronze Age transformations.
title_full	Shifting networks and mixing metals: Changing metal trade routes to Scandinavia correlate with Neolithic and Bronze Age transformations.
title_fullStr	Shifting networks and mixing metals: Changing metal trade routes to Scandinavia correlate with Neolithic and Bronze Age transformations.
title_full_unstemmed	Shifting networks and mixing metals: Changing metal trade routes to Scandinavia correlate with Neolithic and Bronze Age transformations.
title_sort	shifting networks and mixing metals: changing metal trade routes to scandinavia correlate with neolithic and bronze age transformations.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c76118f375534da0ba5c9538dc0085f8
work_keys_str_mv	AT heidewnørgaard shiftingnetworksandmixingmetalschangingmetaltraderoutestoscandinaviacorrelatewithneolithicandbronzeagetransformations AT ernstpernicka shiftingnetworksandmixingmetalschangingmetaltraderoutestoscandinaviacorrelatewithneolithicandbronzeagetransformations AT hellevandkilde shiftingnetworksandmixingmetalschangingmetaltraderoutestoscandinaviacorrelatewithneolithicandbronzeagetransformations
_version_	1718375627845795840

Shifting networks and mixing metals: Changing metal trade routes to Scandinavia correlate with Neolithic and Bronze Age transformations.

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