Trends in child immunization across geographical regions in India: focus on urban-rural and gender differentials.

<h4>Background</h4>Although child immunization is regarded as a highly cost-effective lifesaver, about fifty percent of the eligible children aged 12-23 months in India are without essential immunization coverage. Despite several programmatic initiatives, urban-rural and gender differenc...

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Autor principal:	Prashant Kumar Singh
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c7bb4392d6684cceb5d84f0f31fa8e73
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c7bb4392d6684cceb5d84f0f31fa8e732021-11-18T08:56:58ZTrends in child immunization across geographical regions in India: focus on urban-rural and gender differentials.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0073102https://doaj.org/article/c7bb4392d6684cceb5d84f0f31fa8e732013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24023816/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203<h4>Background</h4>Although child immunization is regarded as a highly cost-effective lifesaver, about fifty percent of the eligible children aged 12-23 months in India are without essential immunization coverage. Despite several programmatic initiatives, urban-rural and gender difference in child immunization pose an intimidating challenge to India's public health agenda. This study assesses the urban-rural and gender difference in child immunization coverage during 1992-2006 across six major geographical regions in India.<h4>Data and methods</h4>Three rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted during 1992-93, 1998-99 and 2005-06 were analyzed. Bivariate analyses, urban-rural and gender inequality ratios, and the multivariate-pooled logistic regression model were applied to examine the trends and patterns of inequalities over time.<h4>Key findings</h4>The analysis of change over one and half decades (1992-2006) shows considerable variations in child immunization coverage across six geographical regions in India. Despite a decline in urban-rural and gender differences over time, children residing in rural areas and girls remained disadvantaged. Moreover, northeast, west and south regions, which had the lowest gender inequality in 1992 observed an increase in gender difference over time. Similarly, urban-rural inequality increased in the west region during 1992-2006.<h4>Conclusion</h4>This study suggests periodic evaluation of the health care system is vital to assess the between and within group difference beyond average improvement. It is essential to integrate strong immunization systems with broad health systems and coordinate with other primary health care delivery programs to augment immunization coverage.Prashant Kumar SinghPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 9, p e73102 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Prashant Kumar Singh Trends in child immunization across geographical regions in India: focus on urban-rural and gender differentials.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Although child immunization is regarded as a highly cost-effective lifesaver, about fifty percent of the eligible children aged 12-23 months in India are without essential immunization coverage. Despite several programmatic initiatives, urban-rural and gender difference in child immunization pose an intimidating challenge to India's public health agenda. This study assesses the urban-rural and gender difference in child immunization coverage during 1992-2006 across six major geographical regions in India.<h4>Data and methods</h4>Three rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted during 1992-93, 1998-99 and 2005-06 were analyzed. Bivariate analyses, urban-rural and gender inequality ratios, and the multivariate-pooled logistic regression model were applied to examine the trends and patterns of inequalities over time.<h4>Key findings</h4>The analysis of change over one and half decades (1992-2006) shows considerable variations in child immunization coverage across six geographical regions in India. Despite a decline in urban-rural and gender differences over time, children residing in rural areas and girls remained disadvantaged. Moreover, northeast, west and south regions, which had the lowest gender inequality in 1992 observed an increase in gender difference over time. Similarly, urban-rural inequality increased in the west region during 1992-2006.<h4>Conclusion</h4>This study suggests periodic evaluation of the health care system is vital to assess the between and within group difference beyond average improvement. It is essential to integrate strong immunization systems with broad health systems and coordinate with other primary health care delivery programs to augment immunization coverage.
format	article
author	Prashant Kumar Singh
author_facet	Prashant Kumar Singh
author_sort	Prashant Kumar Singh
title	Trends in child immunization across geographical regions in India: focus on urban-rural and gender differentials.
title_short	Trends in child immunization across geographical regions in India: focus on urban-rural and gender differentials.
title_full	Trends in child immunization across geographical regions in India: focus on urban-rural and gender differentials.
title_fullStr	Trends in child immunization across geographical regions in India: focus on urban-rural and gender differentials.
title_full_unstemmed	Trends in child immunization across geographical regions in India: focus on urban-rural and gender differentials.
title_sort	trends in child immunization across geographical regions in india: focus on urban-rural and gender differentials.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/c7bb4392d6684cceb5d84f0f31fa8e73
work_keys_str_mv	AT prashantkumarsingh trendsinchildimmunizationacrossgeographicalregionsinindiafocusonurbanruralandgenderdifferentials
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Trends in child immunization across geographical regions in India: focus on urban-rural and gender differentials.

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