Loneliness: An Immunometabolic Syndrome

Loneliness has been defined as an agonizing encounter, experienced when the need for human intimacy is not met adequately, or when a person’s social network does not match their preference, either in number or attributes. This definition helps us realize that the cause of loneliness is not merely be...

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Autores principales:	Homa Pourriyahi, Niloufar Yazdanpanah, Amene Saghazadeh, Nima Rezaei
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	loneliness perceived social isolation psychosocial stress CTRA immune regulation cytokines Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c801a732a83448eeba82c843a0dcae4d
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:c801a732a83448eeba82c843a0dcae4d
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c801a732a83448eeba82c843a0dcae4d2021-11-25T17:51:37ZLoneliness: An Immunometabolic Syndrome10.3390/ijerph1822121621660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/c801a732a83448eeba82c843a0dcae4d2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/22/12162https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601Loneliness has been defined as an agonizing encounter, experienced when the need for human intimacy is not met adequately, or when a person’s social network does not match their preference, either in number or attributes. This definition helps us realize that the cause of loneliness is not merely being alone, but rather not being in the company we desire. With loneliness being introduced as a measurable, distinct psychological experience, it has been found to be associated with poor health behaviors, heightened stress response, and inadequate physiological repairing activity. With these three major pathways of pathogenesis, loneliness can do much harm; as it impacts both immune and metabolic regulation, altering the levels of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, acute-phase reactants, chemokines, immunoglobulins, antibody response against viruses and vaccines, and immune cell activity; and affecting stress circuitry, glycemic control, lipid metabolism, body composition, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular function, cognitive function and mental health, respectively. Taken together, there are too many immunologic and metabolic manifestations associated with the construct of loneliness, and with previous literature showcasing loneliness as a distinct psychological experience and a health determinant, we propose that loneliness, in and of itself, is not just a psychosocial phenomenon. It is also an all-encompassing complex of systemic alterations that occur with it, expanding it into a syndrome of events, linked through a shared network of immunometabolic pathology. This review aims to portray a detailed picture of loneliness as an “immunometabolic syndrome”, with its multifaceted pathology.Homa PourriyahiNiloufar YazdanpanahAmene SaghazadehNima RezaeiMDPI AGarticlelonelinessperceived social isolationpsychosocial stressCTRAimmune regulationcytokinesMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 12162, p 12162 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	loneliness perceived social isolation psychosocial stress CTRA immune regulation cytokines Medicine R
spellingShingle	loneliness perceived social isolation psychosocial stress CTRA immune regulation cytokines Medicine R Homa Pourriyahi Niloufar Yazdanpanah Amene Saghazadeh Nima Rezaei Loneliness: An Immunometabolic Syndrome
description	Loneliness has been defined as an agonizing encounter, experienced when the need for human intimacy is not met adequately, or when a person’s social network does not match their preference, either in number or attributes. This definition helps us realize that the cause of loneliness is not merely being alone, but rather not being in the company we desire. With loneliness being introduced as a measurable, distinct psychological experience, it has been found to be associated with poor health behaviors, heightened stress response, and inadequate physiological repairing activity. With these three major pathways of pathogenesis, loneliness can do much harm; as it impacts both immune and metabolic regulation, altering the levels of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, acute-phase reactants, chemokines, immunoglobulins, antibody response against viruses and vaccines, and immune cell activity; and affecting stress circuitry, glycemic control, lipid metabolism, body composition, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular function, cognitive function and mental health, respectively. Taken together, there are too many immunologic and metabolic manifestations associated with the construct of loneliness, and with previous literature showcasing loneliness as a distinct psychological experience and a health determinant, we propose that loneliness, in and of itself, is not just a psychosocial phenomenon. It is also an all-encompassing complex of systemic alterations that occur with it, expanding it into a syndrome of events, linked through a shared network of immunometabolic pathology. This review aims to portray a detailed picture of loneliness as an “immunometabolic syndrome”, with its multifaceted pathology.
format	article
author	Homa Pourriyahi Niloufar Yazdanpanah Amene Saghazadeh Nima Rezaei
author_facet	Homa Pourriyahi Niloufar Yazdanpanah Amene Saghazadeh Nima Rezaei
author_sort	Homa Pourriyahi
title	Loneliness: An Immunometabolic Syndrome
title_short	Loneliness: An Immunometabolic Syndrome
title_full	Loneliness: An Immunometabolic Syndrome
title_fullStr	Loneliness: An Immunometabolic Syndrome
title_full_unstemmed	Loneliness: An Immunometabolic Syndrome
title_sort	loneliness: an immunometabolic syndrome
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c801a732a83448eeba82c843a0dcae4d
work_keys_str_mv	AT homapourriyahi lonelinessanimmunometabolicsyndrome AT niloufaryazdanpanah lonelinessanimmunometabolicsyndrome AT amenesaghazadeh lonelinessanimmunometabolicsyndrome AT nimarezaei lonelinessanimmunometabolicsyndrome
_version_	1718411948395069440

Loneliness: An Immunometabolic Syndrome

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