Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis

Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a neglected human disease, caused by different species of pigmented dematiaceous fungi that cause subcutaneous infections. This disease has been considered an occupational disease, occurring among people working in the field of agriculture, particularly in low-income cou...

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Autores principales:	Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero, Italo Novais Cavallone, Walter Belda
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Hindawi Limited 2021
Materias:	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c8b854f811654bbbb65a48168dc584ea
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c8b854f811654bbbb65a48168dc584ea2021-11-15T01:19:27ZReviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis2314-715610.1155/2021/9742832https://doaj.org/article/c8b854f811654bbbb65a48168dc584ea2021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9742832https://doaj.org/toc/2314-7156Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a neglected human disease, caused by different species of pigmented dematiaceous fungi that cause subcutaneous infections. This disease has been considered an occupational disease, occurring among people working in the field of agriculture, particularly in low-income countries. In 1914, the first case of CBM was described in Brazil, and although efforts have been made, few scientific and technological advances have been made in this area. In the field of fungi and host cell relationship, a very reduced number of antigens were characterized, but available data suggest that ectoantigens bind to the cell membrane of host cells and modulate the phagocytic, immunological, and microbicidal responses of immune cells. Furthermore, antigens cleave extracellular proteins in tissues, allowing fungi to spread. On the contrary, if phagocytic cells are able to present antigens in MHC molecules to T lymphocytes in the presence of costimulation and IL-12, a Th1 immune response will develop and a relative control of the disease will be observed. Despite knowledge of the resistance and susceptibility in CBM, up to now, no effective vaccines have been developed. In the field of chemotherapy, most patients are treated with conventional antifungal drugs, such as itraconazole and terbinafine, but these drugs exhibit limitations, considering that not all patients heal cutaneous lesions. Few advances in treatment have been made so far, but one of the most promising ones is based on the use of immunomodulators, such as imiquimod. Data about a standard treatment are missing in the medical literature; part of it is caused by the existence of a diversity of etiologic agents and clinical forms. The present review summarizes the advances made in the field of CBM related to the diversity of pathogenic species, fungi and host cell relationship, antigens, innate and acquired immunity, clinical forms of CBM, chemotherapy, and diagnosis.Luiz Felipe Domingues PasseroItalo Novais CavalloneWalter BeldaHindawi LimitedarticleImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607ENJournal of Immunology Research, Vol 2021 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
spellingShingle	Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero Italo Novais Cavallone Walter Belda Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis
description	Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a neglected human disease, caused by different species of pigmented dematiaceous fungi that cause subcutaneous infections. This disease has been considered an occupational disease, occurring among people working in the field of agriculture, particularly in low-income countries. In 1914, the first case of CBM was described in Brazil, and although efforts have been made, few scientific and technological advances have been made in this area. In the field of fungi and host cell relationship, a very reduced number of antigens were characterized, but available data suggest that ectoantigens bind to the cell membrane of host cells and modulate the phagocytic, immunological, and microbicidal responses of immune cells. Furthermore, antigens cleave extracellular proteins in tissues, allowing fungi to spread. On the contrary, if phagocytic cells are able to present antigens in MHC molecules to T lymphocytes in the presence of costimulation and IL-12, a Th1 immune response will develop and a relative control of the disease will be observed. Despite knowledge of the resistance and susceptibility in CBM, up to now, no effective vaccines have been developed. In the field of chemotherapy, most patients are treated with conventional antifungal drugs, such as itraconazole and terbinafine, but these drugs exhibit limitations, considering that not all patients heal cutaneous lesions. Few advances in treatment have been made so far, but one of the most promising ones is based on the use of immunomodulators, such as imiquimod. Data about a standard treatment are missing in the medical literature; part of it is caused by the existence of a diversity of etiologic agents and clinical forms. The present review summarizes the advances made in the field of CBM related to the diversity of pathogenic species, fungi and host cell relationship, antigens, innate and acquired immunity, clinical forms of CBM, chemotherapy, and diagnosis.
format	article
author	Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero Italo Novais Cavallone Walter Belda
author_facet	Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero Italo Novais Cavallone Walter Belda
author_sort	Luiz Felipe Domingues Passero
title	Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis
title_short	Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis
title_full	Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis
title_fullStr	Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis
title_full_unstemmed	Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis
title_sort	reviewing the etiologic agents, microbe-host relationship, immune response, diagnosis, and treatment in chromoblastomycosis
publisher	Hindawi Limited
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c8b854f811654bbbb65a48168dc584ea
work_keys_str_mv	AT luizfelipedominguespassero reviewingtheetiologicagentsmicrobehostrelationshipimmuneresponsediagnosisandtreatmentinchromoblastomycosis AT italonovaiscavallone reviewingtheetiologicagentsmicrobehostrelationshipimmuneresponsediagnosisandtreatmentinchromoblastomycosis AT walterbelda reviewingtheetiologicagentsmicrobehostrelationshipimmuneresponsediagnosisandtreatmentinchromoblastomycosis
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Reviewing the Etiologic Agents, Microbe-Host Relationship, Immune Response, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Chromoblastomycosis

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