Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications

We present a review of the Penrose process and its modifications in relation to the Kerr black holes and naked singularities (superspinars). We introduce the standard variant of this process, its magnetic version connected with magnetized Kerr black holes or naked singularities, the electric variant...

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Autores principales:	Zdeněk Stuchlík, Martin Kološ, Arman Tursunov
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	rotating black holes accretion disks magnetic fields ultra-high energy particles Elementary particle physics QC793-793.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c8d50dccaf364d08851ce85fd3a28e6b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c8d50dccaf364d08851ce85fd3a28e6b2021-11-25T19:09:35ZPenrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications10.3390/universe71104162218-1997https://doaj.org/article/c8d50dccaf364d08851ce85fd3a28e6b2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/7/11/416https://doaj.org/toc/2218-1997We present a review of the Penrose process and its modifications in relation to the Kerr black holes and naked singularities (superspinars). We introduce the standard variant of this process, its magnetic version connected with magnetized Kerr black holes or naked singularities, the electric variant related to electrically charged Schwarzschild black holes, and the radiative Penrose process connected with charged particles radiating in the ergosphere of magnetized Kerr black holes or naked singularities. We discuss the astrophysical implications of the variants of the Penrose process, concentrating attention to the extreme regime of the magnetic Penrose process leading to extremely large acceleration of charged particles up to ultra-high energy <i>E</i>∼<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>22</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> eV around magnetized supermassive black holes with mass <i>M</i>∼<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>10</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>M</mi><mo>⊙</mo></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> and magnetic intensity <i>B</i>∼<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>4</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> G. Similarly high energies can be obtained by the electric Penrose process. The extraordinary case is represented by the radiative Penrose process that can occur only around magnetized Kerr spacetimes but just inside their ergosphere, in contrast to the magnetic Penrose process that can occur in a more extended effective ergosphere determined by the intensity of the electromagnetic interaction. The explanation is simple, as the radiative Penrose process is closely related to radiated photons with negative energy whose existence is limited just to the ergosphere.Zdeněk StuchlíkMartin KološArman TursunovMDPI AGarticlerotating black holesaccretion disksmagnetic fieldsultra-high energy particlesElementary particle physicsQC793-793.5ENUniverse, Vol 7, Iss 416, p 416 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	rotating black holes accretion disks magnetic fields ultra-high energy particles Elementary particle physics QC793-793.5
spellingShingle	rotating black holes accretion disks magnetic fields ultra-high energy particles Elementary particle physics QC793-793.5 Zdeněk Stuchlík Martin Kološ Arman Tursunov Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications
description	We present a review of the Penrose process and its modifications in relation to the Kerr black holes and naked singularities (superspinars). We introduce the standard variant of this process, its magnetic version connected with magnetized Kerr black holes or naked singularities, the electric variant related to electrically charged Schwarzschild black holes, and the radiative Penrose process connected with charged particles radiating in the ergosphere of magnetized Kerr black holes or naked singularities. We discuss the astrophysical implications of the variants of the Penrose process, concentrating attention to the extreme regime of the magnetic Penrose process leading to extremely large acceleration of charged particles up to ultra-high energy <i>E</i>∼<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>22</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> eV around magnetized supermassive black holes with mass <i>M</i>∼<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>10</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula><inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>M</mi><mo>⊙</mo></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> and magnetic intensity <i>B</i>∼<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>4</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> G. Similarly high energies can be obtained by the electric Penrose process. The extraordinary case is represented by the radiative Penrose process that can occur only around magnetized Kerr spacetimes but just inside their ergosphere, in contrast to the magnetic Penrose process that can occur in a more extended effective ergosphere determined by the intensity of the electromagnetic interaction. The explanation is simple, as the radiative Penrose process is closely related to radiated photons with negative energy whose existence is limited just to the ergosphere.
format	article
author	Zdeněk Stuchlík Martin Kološ Arman Tursunov
author_facet	Zdeněk Stuchlík Martin Kološ Arman Tursunov
author_sort	Zdeněk Stuchlík
title	Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications
title_short	Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications
title_full	Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications
title_fullStr	Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications
title_full_unstemmed	Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications
title_sort	penrose process: its variants and astrophysical applications
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c8d50dccaf364d08851ce85fd3a28e6b
work_keys_str_mv	AT zdenekstuchlik penroseprocessitsvariantsandastrophysicalapplications AT martinkolos penroseprocessitsvariantsandastrophysicalapplications AT armantursunov penroseprocessitsvariantsandastrophysicalapplications
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Penrose Process: Its Variants and Astrophysical Applications

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