Volatile Organic Compounds in Primary Schools in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Characterization and Health Risk Assessment

Limited information about exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in primary schools in Vietnam is available. In this study, we aimed to characterize indoor VOCs in four primary schools situated in Ho Chi Minh City, a metropolis in the south of Vietnam and assess health risks linked to the stu...

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Autores principales:	Khang H. Lu, Danh C. Vu, Quang T. Nguyen, Xuyen T. Vo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	primary school volatile organic compounds BTEX indoor air health risk assessment Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c900a7ce658044fb8f92985c62f97c8e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c900a7ce658044fb8f92985c62f97c8e2021-11-25T16:44:29ZVolatile Organic Compounds in Primary Schools in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Characterization and Health Risk Assessment10.3390/atmos121114212073-4433https://doaj.org/article/c900a7ce658044fb8f92985c62f97c8e2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/11/1421https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433Limited information about exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in primary schools in Vietnam is available. In this study, we aimed to characterize indoor VOCs in four primary schools situated in Ho Chi Minh City, a metropolis in the south of Vietnam and assess health risks linked to the students’ exposure to VOCs. Indoor and outdoor air samples were collected in the schools and analyzed for volatile composition using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Different classes of VOCs, including aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, aldehydes, esters, cyclic terpenes, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, were identified and quantified in classrooms of the schools. The results showed that the concentrations of the VOCs differed significantly among the schools and between ground-floor and first floor classrooms. In addition, VOC profiles differed considerably between air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned classrooms. Limonene, a compound associated with fragrance products, was the most abundant VOC, with the median (range) concentration of 26.12 (10.29, 50.08) μg/m<sup>3</sup>. The concentrations of the compounds examined in the study were in general found to be higher indoors compared with outdoors, signifying indoor emission sources. Potential harmful effects are expected as a result of exposure to benzene, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene and tetrachloroethylene in the investigated schools. Further research is needed to fully assess the health risks to students, teachers, and staff in these educational environments.Khang H. LuDanh C. VuQuang T. NguyenXuyen T. VoMDPI AGarticleprimary schoolvolatile organic compoundsBTEXindoor airhealth risk assessmentMeteorology. ClimatologyQC851-999ENAtmosphere, Vol 12, Iss 1421, p 1421 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	primary school volatile organic compounds BTEX indoor air health risk assessment Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
spellingShingle	primary school volatile organic compounds BTEX indoor air health risk assessment Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Khang H. Lu Danh C. Vu Quang T. Nguyen Xuyen T. Vo Volatile Organic Compounds in Primary Schools in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Characterization and Health Risk Assessment
description	Limited information about exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in primary schools in Vietnam is available. In this study, we aimed to characterize indoor VOCs in four primary schools situated in Ho Chi Minh City, a metropolis in the south of Vietnam and assess health risks linked to the students’ exposure to VOCs. Indoor and outdoor air samples were collected in the schools and analyzed for volatile composition using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Different classes of VOCs, including aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, aldehydes, esters, cyclic terpenes, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, were identified and quantified in classrooms of the schools. The results showed that the concentrations of the VOCs differed significantly among the schools and between ground-floor and first floor classrooms. In addition, VOC profiles differed considerably between air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned classrooms. Limonene, a compound associated with fragrance products, was the most abundant VOC, with the median (range) concentration of 26.12 (10.29, 50.08) μg/m<sup>3</sup>. The concentrations of the compounds examined in the study were in general found to be higher indoors compared with outdoors, signifying indoor emission sources. Potential harmful effects are expected as a result of exposure to benzene, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene and tetrachloroethylene in the investigated schools. Further research is needed to fully assess the health risks to students, teachers, and staff in these educational environments.
format	article
author	Khang H. Lu Danh C. Vu Quang T. Nguyen Xuyen T. Vo
author_facet	Khang H. Lu Danh C. Vu Quang T. Nguyen Xuyen T. Vo
author_sort	Khang H. Lu
title	Volatile Organic Compounds in Primary Schools in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Characterization and Health Risk Assessment
title_short	Volatile Organic Compounds in Primary Schools in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Characterization and Health Risk Assessment
title_full	Volatile Organic Compounds in Primary Schools in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Characterization and Health Risk Assessment
title_fullStr	Volatile Organic Compounds in Primary Schools in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Characterization and Health Risk Assessment
title_full_unstemmed	Volatile Organic Compounds in Primary Schools in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Characterization and Health Risk Assessment
title_sort	volatile organic compounds in primary schools in ho chi minh city, vietnam: characterization and health risk assessment
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c900a7ce658044fb8f92985c62f97c8e
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Volatile Organic Compounds in Primary Schools in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Characterization and Health Risk Assessment

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