Chronic toxicity and environmental risk assessment of antivirals in Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata

Antiviral drugs are a class of medications used for treating viral infections. Due to their widespread use, especially in cases of pandemics and limited human metabolism, antivirals have been detected in multiple environmental matrices. This study aims to evaluate the chronic effects of acyclovir, e...

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Autores principales:	L. C. Almeida, A. C. Mattos, C. P. G. Dinamarco, N. G. Figueiredo, D. M. Bila
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	IWA Publishing 2021
Materias:	antivirals ceriodaphnia dubia chronic bioassay ecotoxicity environmental risk assessment raphidocelis subcapitata Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c90897fcfcac44bba82aa53be4d37044
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c90897fcfcac44bba82aa53be4d370442021-11-06T11:24:12ZChronic toxicity and environmental risk assessment of antivirals in Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata0273-12231996-973210.2166/wst.2021.347https://doaj.org/article/c90897fcfcac44bba82aa53be4d370442021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttp://wst.iwaponline.com/content/84/7/1623https://doaj.org/toc/0273-1223https://doaj.org/toc/1996-9732Antiviral drugs are a class of medications used for treating viral infections. Due to their widespread use, especially in cases of pandemics and limited human metabolism, antivirals have been detected in multiple environmental matrices. This study aims to evaluate the chronic effects of acyclovir, efavirenz, lamivudine and zidovudine using Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata. The results with R. subcapitata showed the following toxicities: zidovudine (IC50 = 5.442 mg L−1) < acyclovir (IC50 = 3.612 mg L−1) < lamivudine (IC50 = 3.013 mg L−1) < efavirenz (IC50 = 0.034 mg L−1). The results of the chronic bioassay with C. dubia demonstrated that zidovudine is the least toxic (EC50 = 5.671 mg L−1), followed by acyclovir (EC50 = 3.062 mg L−1), lamivudine (EC50 = 1.345 mg L−1) and efavirenz (EC50 = 0.026 mg L−1). Both species have been shown to be sensitive to efavirenz. A risk quotient (RQ) was calculated, and efavirenz had an RQ greater than 1 for both species, and lamivudine had an RQ greater than 1 for C. dubia, representing a high ecological risk for these organisms. Antivirals pose a significant environmental risk to aquatic organisms and should be taken into consideration in future monitoring of water sources. HIGHLIGHTS Evaluation of the ecotoxicity of acyclovir, efavirenz, lamivudine and zidovudine.; The most toxic antiviral for Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata was efavirenz.; Results suggest potential risk to environmental and public health.;L. C. AlmeidaA. C. MattosC. P. G. DinamarcoN. G. FigueiredoD. M. BilaIWA Publishingarticleantiviralsceriodaphnia dubiachronic bioassayecotoxicityenvironmental risk assessmentraphidocelis subcapitataEnvironmental technology. Sanitary engineeringTD1-1066ENWater Science and Technology, Vol 84, Iss 7, Pp 1623-1634 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	antivirals ceriodaphnia dubia chronic bioassay ecotoxicity environmental risk assessment raphidocelis subcapitata Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066
spellingShingle	antivirals ceriodaphnia dubia chronic bioassay ecotoxicity environmental risk assessment raphidocelis subcapitata Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TD1-1066 L. C. Almeida A. C. Mattos C. P. G. Dinamarco N. G. Figueiredo D. M. Bila Chronic toxicity and environmental risk assessment of antivirals in Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata
description	Antiviral drugs are a class of medications used for treating viral infections. Due to their widespread use, especially in cases of pandemics and limited human metabolism, antivirals have been detected in multiple environmental matrices. This study aims to evaluate the chronic effects of acyclovir, efavirenz, lamivudine and zidovudine using Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata. The results with R. subcapitata showed the following toxicities: zidovudine (IC50 = 5.442 mg L−1) < acyclovir (IC50 = 3.612 mg L−1) < lamivudine (IC50 = 3.013 mg L−1) < efavirenz (IC50 = 0.034 mg L−1). The results of the chronic bioassay with C. dubia demonstrated that zidovudine is the least toxic (EC50 = 5.671 mg L−1), followed by acyclovir (EC50 = 3.062 mg L−1), lamivudine (EC50 = 1.345 mg L−1) and efavirenz (EC50 = 0.026 mg L−1). Both species have been shown to be sensitive to efavirenz. A risk quotient (RQ) was calculated, and efavirenz had an RQ greater than 1 for both species, and lamivudine had an RQ greater than 1 for C. dubia, representing a high ecological risk for these organisms. Antivirals pose a significant environmental risk to aquatic organisms and should be taken into consideration in future monitoring of water sources. HIGHLIGHTS Evaluation of the ecotoxicity of acyclovir, efavirenz, lamivudine and zidovudine.; The most toxic antiviral for Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata was efavirenz.; Results suggest potential risk to environmental and public health.;
format	article
author	L. C. Almeida A. C. Mattos C. P. G. Dinamarco N. G. Figueiredo D. M. Bila
author_facet	L. C. Almeida A. C. Mattos C. P. G. Dinamarco N. G. Figueiredo D. M. Bila
author_sort	L. C. Almeida
title	Chronic toxicity and environmental risk assessment of antivirals in Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata
title_short	Chronic toxicity and environmental risk assessment of antivirals in Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata
title_full	Chronic toxicity and environmental risk assessment of antivirals in Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata
title_fullStr	Chronic toxicity and environmental risk assessment of antivirals in Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata
title_full_unstemmed	Chronic toxicity and environmental risk assessment of antivirals in Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata
title_sort	chronic toxicity and environmental risk assessment of antivirals in ceriodaphnia dubia and raphidocelis subcapitata
publisher	IWA Publishing
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c90897fcfcac44bba82aa53be4d37044
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Chronic toxicity and environmental risk assessment of antivirals in Ceriodaphnia dubia and Raphidocelis subcapitata

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