The Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval

Melanoma is recognized as the most dangerous type of skin cancer, with high mortality and resistance to currently used treatments. To overcome the limitations of the available therapeutic options, the discovery and development of new, more effective, and safer therapies is required. In this review,...

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Autores principales:	Mariana Matias, Jacinta O. Pinho, Maria João Penetra, Gonçalo Campos, Catarina Pinto Reis, Maria Manuela Gaspar
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	melanoma preclinical research in vitro models in vivo models clinical trials Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c9bd8ca4173949738bc5f7d540a5d5c3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c9bd8ca4173949738bc5f7d540a5d5c32021-11-25T17:11:22ZThe Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval10.3390/cells101130882073-4409https://doaj.org/article/c9bd8ca4173949738bc5f7d540a5d5c32021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/10/11/3088https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4409Melanoma is recognized as the most dangerous type of skin cancer, with high mortality and resistance to currently used treatments. To overcome the limitations of the available therapeutic options, the discovery and development of new, more effective, and safer therapies is required. In this review, the different research steps involved in the process of antimelanoma drug evaluation and selection are explored, including information regarding in silico, in vitro, and in vivo experiments, as well as clinical trial phases. Details are given about the most used cell lines and assays to perform both two- and three-dimensional in vitro screening of drug candidates towards melanoma. For in vivo studies, murine models are, undoubtedly, the most widely used for assessing the therapeutic potential of new compounds and to study the underlying mechanisms of action. Here, the main melanoma murine models are described as well as other animal species. A section is dedicated to ongoing clinical studies, demonstrating the wide interest and successful efforts devoted to melanoma therapy, in particular at advanced stages of the disease, and a final section includes some considerations regarding approval for marketing by regulatory agencies. Overall, considerable commitment is being directed to the continuous development of optimized experimental models, important for the understanding of melanoma biology and for the evaluation and validation of novel therapeutic strategies.Mariana MatiasJacinta O. PinhoMaria João PenetraGonçalo CamposCatarina Pinto ReisMaria Manuela GasparMDPI AGarticlemelanomapreclinical researchin vitro modelsin vivo modelsclinical trialsBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENCells, Vol 10, Iss 3088, p 3088 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	melanoma preclinical research in vitro models in vivo models clinical trials Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	melanoma preclinical research in vitro models in vivo models clinical trials Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Mariana Matias Jacinta O. Pinho Maria João Penetra Gonçalo Campos Catarina Pinto Reis Maria Manuela Gaspar The Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval
description	Melanoma is recognized as the most dangerous type of skin cancer, with high mortality and resistance to currently used treatments. To overcome the limitations of the available therapeutic options, the discovery and development of new, more effective, and safer therapies is required. In this review, the different research steps involved in the process of antimelanoma drug evaluation and selection are explored, including information regarding in silico, in vitro, and in vivo experiments, as well as clinical trial phases. Details are given about the most used cell lines and assays to perform both two- and three-dimensional in vitro screening of drug candidates towards melanoma. For in vivo studies, murine models are, undoubtedly, the most widely used for assessing the therapeutic potential of new compounds and to study the underlying mechanisms of action. Here, the main melanoma murine models are described as well as other animal species. A section is dedicated to ongoing clinical studies, demonstrating the wide interest and successful efforts devoted to melanoma therapy, in particular at advanced stages of the disease, and a final section includes some considerations regarding approval for marketing by regulatory agencies. Overall, considerable commitment is being directed to the continuous development of optimized experimental models, important for the understanding of melanoma biology and for the evaluation and validation of novel therapeutic strategies.
format	article
author	Mariana Matias Jacinta O. Pinho Maria João Penetra Gonçalo Campos Catarina Pinto Reis Maria Manuela Gaspar
author_facet	Mariana Matias Jacinta O. Pinho Maria João Penetra Gonçalo Campos Catarina Pinto Reis Maria Manuela Gaspar
author_sort	Mariana Matias
title	The Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval
title_short	The Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval
title_full	The Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval
title_fullStr	The Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval
title_full_unstemmed	The Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval
title_sort	challenging melanoma landscape: from early drug discovery to clinical approval
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c9bd8ca4173949738bc5f7d540a5d5c3
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The Challenging Melanoma Landscape: From Early Drug Discovery to Clinical Approval

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