Physiology and Inflammation Driven Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis—Mechanistic Insights into Anemia of Inflammation and Its Treatment

Anemia is very common in patients with inflammatory disorders. Its prevalence is associated with severity of the underlying disease, and it negatively affects quality of life and cardio-vascular performance of patients. Anemia of inflammation (AI) is caused by disturbances of iron metabolism resulti...

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Autores principales:	Lukas Lanser, Dietmar Fuchs, Katharina Kurz, Günter Weiss
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	anemia of chronic disease anemia of inflammation iron hepcidin erythropoietin infection Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/c9c4dea650824b8b8190677194345d60
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:c9c4dea650824b8b8190677194345d602021-11-25T18:33:35ZPhysiology and Inflammation Driven Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis—Mechanistic Insights into Anemia of Inflammation and Its Treatment10.3390/nu131137322072-6643https://doaj.org/article/c9c4dea650824b8b8190677194345d602021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/11/3732https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6643Anemia is very common in patients with inflammatory disorders. Its prevalence is associated with severity of the underlying disease, and it negatively affects quality of life and cardio-vascular performance of patients. Anemia of inflammation (AI) is caused by disturbances of iron metabolism resulting in iron retention within macrophages, a reduced erythrocyte half-life, and cytokine mediated inhibition of erythropoietin function and erythroid progenitor cell differentiation. AI is mostly mild to moderate, normochromic and normocytic, and characterized by low circulating iron, but normal and increased levels of the storage protein ferritin and the iron hormone hepcidin. The primary therapeutic approach for AI is treatment of the underlying inflammatory disease which mostly results in normalization of hemoglobin levels over time unless other pathologies such as vitamin deficiencies, true iron deficiency on the basis of bleeding episodes, or renal insufficiency are present. If the underlying disease and/or anemia are not resolved, iron supplementation therapy and/or treatment with erythropoietin stimulating agents may be considered whereas blood transfusions are an emergency treatment for life-threatening anemia. New treatments with hepcidin-modifying strategies and stabilizers of hypoxia inducible factors emerge but their therapeutic efficacy for treatment of AI in ill patients needs to be evaluated in clinical trials.Lukas LanserDietmar FuchsKatharina KurzGünter WeissMDPI AGarticleanemia of chronic diseaseanemia of inflammationironhepcidinerythropoietininfectionNutrition. Foods and food supplyTX341-641ENNutrients, Vol 13, Iss 3732, p 3732 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	anemia of chronic disease anemia of inflammation iron hepcidin erythropoietin infection Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641
spellingShingle	anemia of chronic disease anemia of inflammation iron hepcidin erythropoietin infection Nutrition. Foods and food supply TX341-641 Lukas Lanser Dietmar Fuchs Katharina Kurz Günter Weiss Physiology and Inflammation Driven Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis—Mechanistic Insights into Anemia of Inflammation and Its Treatment
description	Anemia is very common in patients with inflammatory disorders. Its prevalence is associated with severity of the underlying disease, and it negatively affects quality of life and cardio-vascular performance of patients. Anemia of inflammation (AI) is caused by disturbances of iron metabolism resulting in iron retention within macrophages, a reduced erythrocyte half-life, and cytokine mediated inhibition of erythropoietin function and erythroid progenitor cell differentiation. AI is mostly mild to moderate, normochromic and normocytic, and characterized by low circulating iron, but normal and increased levels of the storage protein ferritin and the iron hormone hepcidin. The primary therapeutic approach for AI is treatment of the underlying inflammatory disease which mostly results in normalization of hemoglobin levels over time unless other pathologies such as vitamin deficiencies, true iron deficiency on the basis of bleeding episodes, or renal insufficiency are present. If the underlying disease and/or anemia are not resolved, iron supplementation therapy and/or treatment with erythropoietin stimulating agents may be considered whereas blood transfusions are an emergency treatment for life-threatening anemia. New treatments with hepcidin-modifying strategies and stabilizers of hypoxia inducible factors emerge but their therapeutic efficacy for treatment of AI in ill patients needs to be evaluated in clinical trials.
format	article
author	Lukas Lanser Dietmar Fuchs Katharina Kurz Günter Weiss
author_facet	Lukas Lanser Dietmar Fuchs Katharina Kurz Günter Weiss
author_sort	Lukas Lanser
title	Physiology and Inflammation Driven Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis—Mechanistic Insights into Anemia of Inflammation and Its Treatment
title_short	Physiology and Inflammation Driven Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis—Mechanistic Insights into Anemia of Inflammation and Its Treatment
title_full	Physiology and Inflammation Driven Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis—Mechanistic Insights into Anemia of Inflammation and Its Treatment
title_fullStr	Physiology and Inflammation Driven Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis—Mechanistic Insights into Anemia of Inflammation and Its Treatment
title_full_unstemmed	Physiology and Inflammation Driven Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis—Mechanistic Insights into Anemia of Inflammation and Its Treatment
title_sort	physiology and inflammation driven pathophysiology of iron homeostasis—mechanistic insights into anemia of inflammation and its treatment
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/c9c4dea650824b8b8190677194345d60
work_keys_str_mv	AT lukaslanser physiologyandinflammationdrivenpathophysiologyofironhomeostasismechanisticinsightsintoanemiaofinflammationanditstreatment AT dietmarfuchs physiologyandinflammationdrivenpathophysiologyofironhomeostasismechanisticinsightsintoanemiaofinflammationanditstreatment AT katharinakurz physiologyandinflammationdrivenpathophysiologyofironhomeostasismechanisticinsightsintoanemiaofinflammationanditstreatment AT gunterweiss physiologyandinflammationdrivenpathophysiologyofironhomeostasismechanisticinsightsintoanemiaofinflammationanditstreatment
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Physiology and Inflammation Driven Pathophysiology of Iron Homeostasis—Mechanistic Insights into Anemia of Inflammation and Its Treatment

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