Multilevel selection favors fragmentation modes that maintain cooperative interactions in multispecies communities.

Reproduction is one of the requirements for evolution and a defining feature of life. Yet, across the tree of life, organisms reproduce in many different ways. Groups of cells (e.g., multicellular organisms, colonial microbes, or multispecies biofilms) divide by releasing propagules that can be sing...

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Autores principales:	Gil J B Henriques, Simon van Vliet, Michael Doebeli
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ca01477409514438a20292e3ea4b1ddb
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ca01477409514438a20292e3ea4b1ddb2021-12-02T19:57:48ZMultilevel selection favors fragmentation modes that maintain cooperative interactions in multispecies communities.1553-734X1553-735810.1371/journal.pcbi.1008896https://doaj.org/article/ca01477409514438a20292e3ea4b1ddb2021-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008896https://doaj.org/toc/1553-734Xhttps://doaj.org/toc/1553-7358Reproduction is one of the requirements for evolution and a defining feature of life. Yet, across the tree of life, organisms reproduce in many different ways. Groups of cells (e.g., multicellular organisms, colonial microbes, or multispecies biofilms) divide by releasing propagules that can be single-celled or multicellular. What conditions determine the number and size of reproductive propagules? In multicellular organisms, existing theory suggests that single-cell propagules prevent the accumulation of deleterious mutations (e.g., cheaters). However, groups of cells, such as biofilms, sometimes contain multiple metabolically interdependent species. This creates a reproductive dilemma: small daughter groups, which prevent the accumulation of cheaters, are also unlikely to contain the species diversity that is required for ecological success. Here, we developed an individual-based, multilevel selection model to investigate how such multi-species groups can resolve this dilemma. By tracking the dynamics of groups of cells that reproduce by fragmenting into smaller groups, we identified fragmentation modes that can maintain cooperative interactions. We systematically varied the fragmentation mode and calculated the maximum mutation rate that communities can withstand before being driven to extinction by the accumulation of cheaters. We find that for groups consisting of a single species, the optimal fragmentation mode consists of releasing single-cell propagules. For multi-species groups we find various optimal strategies. With migration between groups, single-cell propagules are favored. Without migration, larger propagules sizes are optimal; in this case, group-size dependent fissioning rates can prevent the accumulation of cheaters. Our work shows that multi-species groups can evolve reproductive strategies that allow them to maintain cooperative interactions.Gil J B HenriquesSimon van VlietMichael DoebeliPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENPLoS Computational Biology, Vol 17, Iss 9, p e1008896 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Gil J B Henriques Simon van Vliet Michael Doebeli Multilevel selection favors fragmentation modes that maintain cooperative interactions in multispecies communities.
description	Reproduction is one of the requirements for evolution and a defining feature of life. Yet, across the tree of life, organisms reproduce in many different ways. Groups of cells (e.g., multicellular organisms, colonial microbes, or multispecies biofilms) divide by releasing propagules that can be single-celled or multicellular. What conditions determine the number and size of reproductive propagules? In multicellular organisms, existing theory suggests that single-cell propagules prevent the accumulation of deleterious mutations (e.g., cheaters). However, groups of cells, such as biofilms, sometimes contain multiple metabolically interdependent species. This creates a reproductive dilemma: small daughter groups, which prevent the accumulation of cheaters, are also unlikely to contain the species diversity that is required for ecological success. Here, we developed an individual-based, multilevel selection model to investigate how such multi-species groups can resolve this dilemma. By tracking the dynamics of groups of cells that reproduce by fragmenting into smaller groups, we identified fragmentation modes that can maintain cooperative interactions. We systematically varied the fragmentation mode and calculated the maximum mutation rate that communities can withstand before being driven to extinction by the accumulation of cheaters. We find that for groups consisting of a single species, the optimal fragmentation mode consists of releasing single-cell propagules. For multi-species groups we find various optimal strategies. With migration between groups, single-cell propagules are favored. Without migration, larger propagules sizes are optimal; in this case, group-size dependent fissioning rates can prevent the accumulation of cheaters. Our work shows that multi-species groups can evolve reproductive strategies that allow them to maintain cooperative interactions.
format	article
author	Gil J B Henriques Simon van Vliet Michael Doebeli
author_facet	Gil J B Henriques Simon van Vliet Michael Doebeli
author_sort	Gil J B Henriques
title	Multilevel selection favors fragmentation modes that maintain cooperative interactions in multispecies communities.
title_short	Multilevel selection favors fragmentation modes that maintain cooperative interactions in multispecies communities.
title_full	Multilevel selection favors fragmentation modes that maintain cooperative interactions in multispecies communities.
title_fullStr	Multilevel selection favors fragmentation modes that maintain cooperative interactions in multispecies communities.
title_full_unstemmed	Multilevel selection favors fragmentation modes that maintain cooperative interactions in multispecies communities.
title_sort	multilevel selection favors fragmentation modes that maintain cooperative interactions in multispecies communities.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ca01477409514438a20292e3ea4b1ddb
work_keys_str_mv	AT giljbhenriques multilevelselectionfavorsfragmentationmodesthatmaintaincooperativeinteractionsinmultispeciescommunities AT simonvanvliet multilevelselectionfavorsfragmentationmodesthatmaintaincooperativeinteractionsinmultispeciescommunities AT michaeldoebeli multilevelselectionfavorsfragmentationmodesthatmaintaincooperativeinteractionsinmultispeciescommunities
_version_	1718375805122248704

Multilevel selection favors fragmentation modes that maintain cooperative interactions in multispecies communities.

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