The genetic legacy of the pre-colonial period in contemporary Bolivians.

Only a few genetic studies have been carried out to date in Bolivia. However, some of the most important (pre)historical enclaves of South America were located in these territories. Thus, the (sub)-Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. We h...

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Autores principales:	Patricia Taboada-Echalar, Vanesa Alvarez-Iglesias, Tanja Heinz, Laura Vidal-Bralo, Alberto Gómez-Carballa, Laura Catelli, Jacobo Pardo-Seco, Ana Pastoriza, Angel Carracedo, Antonio Torres-Balanza, Omar Rocabado, Carlos Vullo, Antonio Salas
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2013
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ca5603e4c9dd48b68d5a9ccc2877c36c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ca5603e4c9dd48b68d5a9ccc2877c36c2021-11-18T07:52:41ZThe genetic legacy of the pre-colonial period in contemporary Bolivians.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0058980https://doaj.org/article/ca5603e4c9dd48b68d5a9ccc2877c36c2013-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/23527064/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Only a few genetic studies have been carried out to date in Bolivia. However, some of the most important (pre)historical enclaves of South America were located in these territories. Thus, the (sub)-Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. We have genotyped the first hypervariable region (HVS-I) of 720 samples representing the main regions in Bolivia, and these data have been analyzed in the context of other pan-American samples (>19,000 HVS-I mtDNAs). Entire mtDNA genome sequencing was also undertaken on selected Native American lineages. Additionally, a panel of 46 Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) was genotyped in a sub-set of samples. The vast majority of the Bolivian mtDNAs (98.4%) were found to belong to the main Native American haplogroups (A: 14.3%, B: 52.6%, C: 21.9%, D: 9.6%), with little indication of sub-Saharan and/or European lineages; however, marked patterns of haplogroup frequencies between main regions exist (e.g. haplogroup B: Andean [71%], Sub-Andean [61%], Llanos [32%]). Analysis of entire genomes unraveled the phylogenetic characteristics of three Native haplogroups: the pan-American haplogroup B2b (originated ∼21.4 thousand years ago [kya]), A2ah (∼5.2 kya), and B2o (∼2.6 kya). The data suggest that B2b could have arisen in North California (an origin even in the north most region of the American continent cannot be disregarded), moved southward following the Pacific coastline and crossed Meso-America. Then, it most likely spread into South America following two routes: the Pacific path towards Peru and Bolivia (arriving here at about ∼15.2 kya), and the Amazonian route of Venezuela and Brazil southwards. In contrast to the mtDNA, Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) reveal a higher (although geographically variable) European introgression in Bolivians (25%). Bolivia shows a decreasing autosomal molecular diversity pattern along the longitudinal axis, from the Altiplano to the lowlands. Both autosomes and mtDNA revealed a low impact (1-2%) of a sub-Saharan component in Bolivians.Patricia Taboada-EchalarVanesa Alvarez-IglesiasTanja HeinzLaura Vidal-BraloAlberto Gómez-CarballaLaura CatelliJacobo Pardo-SecoAna PastorizaAngel CarracedoAntonio Torres-BalanzaOmar RocabadoCarlos VulloAntonio SalasPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 3, p e58980 (2013)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Patricia Taboada-Echalar Vanesa Alvarez-Iglesias Tanja Heinz Laura Vidal-Bralo Alberto Gómez-Carballa Laura Catelli Jacobo Pardo-Seco Ana Pastoriza Angel Carracedo Antonio Torres-Balanza Omar Rocabado Carlos Vullo Antonio Salas The genetic legacy of the pre-colonial period in contemporary Bolivians.
description	Only a few genetic studies have been carried out to date in Bolivia. However, some of the most important (pre)historical enclaves of South America were located in these territories. Thus, the (sub)-Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. We have genotyped the first hypervariable region (HVS-I) of 720 samples representing the main regions in Bolivia, and these data have been analyzed in the context of other pan-American samples (>19,000 HVS-I mtDNAs). Entire mtDNA genome sequencing was also undertaken on selected Native American lineages. Additionally, a panel of 46 Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) was genotyped in a sub-set of samples. The vast majority of the Bolivian mtDNAs (98.4%) were found to belong to the main Native American haplogroups (A: 14.3%, B: 52.6%, C: 21.9%, D: 9.6%), with little indication of sub-Saharan and/or European lineages; however, marked patterns of haplogroup frequencies between main regions exist (e.g. haplogroup B: Andean [71%], Sub-Andean [61%], Llanos [32%]). Analysis of entire genomes unraveled the phylogenetic characteristics of three Native haplogroups: the pan-American haplogroup B2b (originated ∼21.4 thousand years ago [kya]), A2ah (∼5.2 kya), and B2o (∼2.6 kya). The data suggest that B2b could have arisen in North California (an origin even in the north most region of the American continent cannot be disregarded), moved southward following the Pacific coastline and crossed Meso-America. Then, it most likely spread into South America following two routes: the Pacific path towards Peru and Bolivia (arriving here at about ∼15.2 kya), and the Amazonian route of Venezuela and Brazil southwards. In contrast to the mtDNA, Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs) reveal a higher (although geographically variable) European introgression in Bolivians (25%). Bolivia shows a decreasing autosomal molecular diversity pattern along the longitudinal axis, from the Altiplano to the lowlands. Both autosomes and mtDNA revealed a low impact (1-2%) of a sub-Saharan component in Bolivians.
format	article
author	Patricia Taboada-Echalar Vanesa Alvarez-Iglesias Tanja Heinz Laura Vidal-Bralo Alberto Gómez-Carballa Laura Catelli Jacobo Pardo-Seco Ana Pastoriza Angel Carracedo Antonio Torres-Balanza Omar Rocabado Carlos Vullo Antonio Salas
author_facet	Patricia Taboada-Echalar Vanesa Alvarez-Iglesias Tanja Heinz Laura Vidal-Bralo Alberto Gómez-Carballa Laura Catelli Jacobo Pardo-Seco Ana Pastoriza Angel Carracedo Antonio Torres-Balanza Omar Rocabado Carlos Vullo Antonio Salas
author_sort	Patricia Taboada-Echalar
title	The genetic legacy of the pre-colonial period in contemporary Bolivians.
title_short	The genetic legacy of the pre-colonial period in contemporary Bolivians.
title_full	The genetic legacy of the pre-colonial period in contemporary Bolivians.
title_fullStr	The genetic legacy of the pre-colonial period in contemporary Bolivians.
title_full_unstemmed	The genetic legacy of the pre-colonial period in contemporary Bolivians.
title_sort	genetic legacy of the pre-colonial period in contemporary bolivians.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2013
url	https://doaj.org/article/ca5603e4c9dd48b68d5a9ccc2877c36c
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The genetic legacy of the pre-colonial period in contemporary Bolivians.

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