Historic redlining, structural racism, and firearm violence: A structural equation modeling approach

Background: Firearm homicides disproportionately affect Black communities. Redlining – discriminatory lending practices of the early 20th century - are associated with current increased rates of firearm violence. Poverty and concentrated disadvantage are also associated with firearm violence. The in...

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Autores principales:	Michael Poulson, MD MPH, Miriam Y Neufeld, MD MPH, Tracey Dechert, MD, Lisa Allee, MSW, Kelly M. Kenzik, MS, PhD
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Firearm violence Structural racism Socioeconomic Structural equation modeling Health policy Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/cae865229fb14a6e80aaa8cccf91f64e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:cae865229fb14a6e80aaa8cccf91f64e2021-11-12T04:50:17ZHistoric redlining, structural racism, and firearm violence: A structural equation modeling approach2667-193X10.1016/j.lana.2021.100052https://doaj.org/article/cae865229fb14a6e80aaa8cccf91f64e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667193X21000442https://doaj.org/toc/2667-193XBackground: Firearm homicides disproportionately affect Black communities. Redlining – discriminatory lending practices of the early 20th century - are associated with current increased rates of firearm violence. Poverty and concentrated disadvantage are also associated with firearm violence. The interaction of these factors with racist redlining housing practices remains unclear. Methods: We used generalized structural equation modeling to characterize the mediators through which redlining practices of the 1930s led to present rates of firearm violence in Boston using a negative binomial model. Principle component analysis was used to create four distinct mediating variables representing census block socioeconomic and built environment information, while reducing dimensionality. We calculated the direct effect between harmful (Red and Yellow) vs beneficial (Green) designations and firearm incident rate, indirect effect between redlining designation and firearm incident rate through each mediating variable, and the total effect. The percentage mediation of each mediator was subsequently calculated. Findings: Red and Yellow areas of Boston were associated with an 11•1 (95% CI 5•5,22•4) and 11•4 (5•7,22•8) increased incident rate of shooting when compared to Green. In the pathway between Red designation and firearm incident rate, poverty and poor educational attainment mediated 20% of the interaction, share of rented housing mediated 8%, and Black share of the population 3%. In the pathway between Yellow designation and firearm incident rate, poverty and poor educational attainment mediated 16% of the association, and Black share of the population mediated 13%. Interpretation: Redlining practices of the 1930s potentially contribute to increased rates of firearm violence through changes to neighborhood environments, namely through preclusion from homeownership, poverty, poor educational attainment, and concentration (i.e. segregation) of Black communities. These downstream mediating factors serve as points for policy interventions to address urban firearm violence. Funding: Michael Poulson and Miriam Neufeld were supported by T32 Training Grants (HP10028, GM86308).Michael Poulson, MD MPHMiriam Y Neufeld, MD MPHTracey Dechert, MDLisa Allee, MSWKelly M. Kenzik, MS, PhDElsevierarticleFirearm violenceStructural racismSocioeconomicStructural equation modelingHealth policyPublic aspects of medicineRA1-1270ENThe Lancet Regional Health. Americas, Vol 3, Iss , Pp 100052- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Firearm violence Structural racism Socioeconomic Structural equation modeling Health policy Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
spellingShingle	Firearm violence Structural racism Socioeconomic Structural equation modeling Health policy Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Michael Poulson, MD MPH Miriam Y Neufeld, MD MPH Tracey Dechert, MD Lisa Allee, MSW Kelly M. Kenzik, MS, PhD Historic redlining, structural racism, and firearm violence: A structural equation modeling approach
description	Background: Firearm homicides disproportionately affect Black communities. Redlining – discriminatory lending practices of the early 20th century - are associated with current increased rates of firearm violence. Poverty and concentrated disadvantage are also associated with firearm violence. The interaction of these factors with racist redlining housing practices remains unclear. Methods: We used generalized structural equation modeling to characterize the mediators through which redlining practices of the 1930s led to present rates of firearm violence in Boston using a negative binomial model. Principle component analysis was used to create four distinct mediating variables representing census block socioeconomic and built environment information, while reducing dimensionality. We calculated the direct effect between harmful (Red and Yellow) vs beneficial (Green) designations and firearm incident rate, indirect effect between redlining designation and firearm incident rate through each mediating variable, and the total effect. The percentage mediation of each mediator was subsequently calculated. Findings: Red and Yellow areas of Boston were associated with an 11•1 (95% CI 5•5,22•4) and 11•4 (5•7,22•8) increased incident rate of shooting when compared to Green. In the pathway between Red designation and firearm incident rate, poverty and poor educational attainment mediated 20% of the interaction, share of rented housing mediated 8%, and Black share of the population 3%. In the pathway between Yellow designation and firearm incident rate, poverty and poor educational attainment mediated 16% of the association, and Black share of the population mediated 13%. Interpretation: Redlining practices of the 1930s potentially contribute to increased rates of firearm violence through changes to neighborhood environments, namely through preclusion from homeownership, poverty, poor educational attainment, and concentration (i.e. segregation) of Black communities. These downstream mediating factors serve as points for policy interventions to address urban firearm violence. Funding: Michael Poulson and Miriam Neufeld were supported by T32 Training Grants (HP10028, GM86308).
format	article
author	Michael Poulson, MD MPH Miriam Y Neufeld, MD MPH Tracey Dechert, MD Lisa Allee, MSW Kelly M. Kenzik, MS, PhD
author_facet	Michael Poulson, MD MPH Miriam Y Neufeld, MD MPH Tracey Dechert, MD Lisa Allee, MSW Kelly M. Kenzik, MS, PhD
author_sort	Michael Poulson, MD MPH
title	Historic redlining, structural racism, and firearm violence: A structural equation modeling approach
title_short	Historic redlining, structural racism, and firearm violence: A structural equation modeling approach
title_full	Historic redlining, structural racism, and firearm violence: A structural equation modeling approach
title_fullStr	Historic redlining, structural racism, and firearm violence: A structural equation modeling approach
title_full_unstemmed	Historic redlining, structural racism, and firearm violence: A structural equation modeling approach
title_sort	historic redlining, structural racism, and firearm violence: a structural equation modeling approach
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/cae865229fb14a6e80aaa8cccf91f64e
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Historic redlining, structural racism, and firearm violence: A structural equation modeling approach

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