Differentiation during fig ontogeny suggests opposing selection by mutualists

Abstract Dioecy allows separation of female and male functions and therefore facilitates separate co‐evolutionary pathways with pollinators and seed dispersers. In monoecious figs, pollinators' offspring develop inside the syconium by consuming some of the seeds. Flower‐stage syconia must attra...

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Autores principales:	Silvia B. Lomáscolo, Douglas J. Levey
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Wiley 2020
Materias:	Agaonidae dioecy Ficus frugivores seed dispersal Ecology QH540-549.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/cafe6cdaed6342a48b271c1bfd48e9d5
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:cafe6cdaed6342a48b271c1bfd48e9d52021-11-04T13:06:09ZDifferentiation during fig ontogeny suggests opposing selection by mutualists2045-775810.1002/ece3.5918https://doaj.org/article/cafe6cdaed6342a48b271c1bfd48e9d52020-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5918https://doaj.org/toc/2045-7758Abstract Dioecy allows separation of female and male functions and therefore facilitates separate co‐evolutionary pathways with pollinators and seed dispersers. In monoecious figs, pollinators' offspring develop inside the syconium by consuming some of the seeds. Flower‐stage syconia must attract pollinators, then ripen and attract seed dispersers. In dioecious figs, male (“gall”) figs produce pollen but not viable seeds, as the pollinators' larvae eat all seeds, while female (“seed”) figs produce mostly viable seeds, as pollinators cannot oviposit in the ovules. Hence, gall and seed figs are under selection to attract pollinators, but only seed figs must attract seed dispersers. We test the hypothesis that seed and gall syconia at the flower stage will be similar, while at the fruiting stage they will differ. Likewise, monoecious syconia will be more similar to seed than gall figs because they must attract both pollinators and seed dispersers. We quantified syconium characteristics for 24 dioecious and 11 monoecious fig species and recorded frugivore visits. We show that seed and gall syconia are similar at the flower stage but differ at the fruit stage; monoecious syconia are more similar to seed syconia than they are to gall syconia; seed and gall syconia differentiate through their ontogeny from flower to fruit stages; and frugivores visit more monoecious and seed syconia than gall syconia. We suggest that similarity at the flower stage likely enhances pollination in both seed and gall figs and that differentiation after pollination likely enhances attractiveness to seed dispersers of syconia containing viable seeds. These ontogenetic differences between monoecious and dioecious species provide evidence of divergent responses to selection by pollinators and seed dispersers.Silvia B. LomáscoloDouglas J. LeveyWileyarticleAgaonidaedioecyFicusfrugivoresseed dispersalEcologyQH540-549.5ENEcology and Evolution, Vol 10, Iss 2, Pp 718-736 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Agaonidae dioecy Ficus frugivores seed dispersal Ecology QH540-549.5
spellingShingle	Agaonidae dioecy Ficus frugivores seed dispersal Ecology QH540-549.5 Silvia B. Lomáscolo Douglas J. Levey Differentiation during fig ontogeny suggests opposing selection by mutualists
description	Abstract Dioecy allows separation of female and male functions and therefore facilitates separate co‐evolutionary pathways with pollinators and seed dispersers. In monoecious figs, pollinators' offspring develop inside the syconium by consuming some of the seeds. Flower‐stage syconia must attract pollinators, then ripen and attract seed dispersers. In dioecious figs, male (“gall”) figs produce pollen but not viable seeds, as the pollinators' larvae eat all seeds, while female (“seed”) figs produce mostly viable seeds, as pollinators cannot oviposit in the ovules. Hence, gall and seed figs are under selection to attract pollinators, but only seed figs must attract seed dispersers. We test the hypothesis that seed and gall syconia at the flower stage will be similar, while at the fruiting stage they will differ. Likewise, monoecious syconia will be more similar to seed than gall figs because they must attract both pollinators and seed dispersers. We quantified syconium characteristics for 24 dioecious and 11 monoecious fig species and recorded frugivore visits. We show that seed and gall syconia are similar at the flower stage but differ at the fruit stage; monoecious syconia are more similar to seed syconia than they are to gall syconia; seed and gall syconia differentiate through their ontogeny from flower to fruit stages; and frugivores visit more monoecious and seed syconia than gall syconia. We suggest that similarity at the flower stage likely enhances pollination in both seed and gall figs and that differentiation after pollination likely enhances attractiveness to seed dispersers of syconia containing viable seeds. These ontogenetic differences between monoecious and dioecious species provide evidence of divergent responses to selection by pollinators and seed dispersers.
format	article
author	Silvia B. Lomáscolo Douglas J. Levey
author_facet	Silvia B. Lomáscolo Douglas J. Levey
author_sort	Silvia B. Lomáscolo
title	Differentiation during fig ontogeny suggests opposing selection by mutualists
title_short	Differentiation during fig ontogeny suggests opposing selection by mutualists
title_full	Differentiation during fig ontogeny suggests opposing selection by mutualists
title_fullStr	Differentiation during fig ontogeny suggests opposing selection by mutualists
title_full_unstemmed	Differentiation during fig ontogeny suggests opposing selection by mutualists
title_sort	differentiation during fig ontogeny suggests opposing selection by mutualists
publisher	Wiley
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/cafe6cdaed6342a48b271c1bfd48e9d5
work_keys_str_mv	AT silviablomascolo differentiationduringfigontogenysuggestsopposingselectionbymutualists AT douglasjlevey differentiationduringfigontogenysuggestsopposingselectionbymutualists
_version_	1718444928298647552

Differentiation during fig ontogeny suggests opposing selection by mutualists

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