The Impact of Dehydration and Hyperthermia on Circulatory Glutathione Metabolism after Exercise in the Heat with Insights into the Role of Erythrocytes

Background: Reduced glutathione (GSH) is one of the main thiols involved in antioxidant defense. Changes in circulatory levels of GSH during exercise are associated with hyperthermia and dehydration. The mechanisms by which these alterations occur are not entirely known. We hypothesize that erythroc...

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Autores principales:	Denise de Melo-Marins, Juliano Boufleur Farinha, Franccesco Pinto Boeno, Alexandra Ferreira Vieira, Samuel Vargas Munhoz, Gabriela Cristina dos Santos, Mauricio Krause, Orlando Laitano, Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	oxidative stress heat hydration exercise Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/cb05339ad8d44c59b4b2851cf00a6983
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:cb05339ad8d44c59b4b2851cf00a69832021-11-25T18:10:38ZThe Impact of Dehydration and Hyperthermia on Circulatory Glutathione Metabolism after Exercise in the Heat with Insights into the Role of Erythrocytes10.3390/life111111442075-1729https://doaj.org/article/cb05339ad8d44c59b4b2851cf00a69832021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/11/11/1144https://doaj.org/toc/2075-1729Background: Reduced glutathione (GSH) is one of the main thiols involved in antioxidant defense. Changes in circulatory levels of GSH during exercise are associated with hyperthermia and dehydration. The mechanisms by which these alterations occur are not entirely known. We hypothesize that erythrocytes could be an important source of circulatory GSH during heat stress conditions. We performed two separate experiments to address this hypothesis. Methods: In the first experiment, we sought to investigate the impact of exercise in the heat and dehydration on erythrocyte levels of GSH. A total of 10 men performed 60 min of cycling at 60% VO<sub>2</sub>peak in the heat (38.0 ± 0.9 °C) or in a control temperate environment (23.0 ± 1.0 °C), both with and without dehydration. Relative humidity ranged from 50 to 70%. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise to measure GSH and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione. In the second experiment, erythrocytes were isolated from blood samples taken at rest and heated in vitro to determine the impact of heat on erythrocyte glutathione content. Tubes with erythrocytes were exposed to water baths at different temperatures; one tube was exposed to a water bath at 35 °C and the other tube to a water bath at 41 °C for a period of 30 min. After exposure to heat, plasma and erythrocytes were extracted for GSH and GSSG analyses. Results: Dehydration decreased circulatory GSH, regardless of ambient temperature (temperate and heat decreased 15.35% and 30.31%, respectively), resulting in an altered redox balance. Heat increased GSH levels in vitro. Conclusion: Our data suggest that dehydration decreases circulatory GSH levels regardless of environmental temperature. In addition, in vitro data suggests that erythrocytes may contribute to the release of GSH during exposure to heat stress.Denise de Melo-MarinsJuliano Boufleur FarinhaFranccesco Pinto BoenoAlexandra Ferreira VieiraSamuel Vargas MunhozGabriela Cristina dos SantosMauricio KrauseOrlando LaitanoAlvaro Reischak-OliveiraMDPI AGarticleoxidative stressheathydrationexerciseScienceQENLife, Vol 11, Iss 1144, p 1144 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	oxidative stress heat hydration exercise Science Q
spellingShingle	oxidative stress heat hydration exercise Science Q Denise de Melo-Marins Juliano Boufleur Farinha Franccesco Pinto Boeno Alexandra Ferreira Vieira Samuel Vargas Munhoz Gabriela Cristina dos Santos Mauricio Krause Orlando Laitano Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira The Impact of Dehydration and Hyperthermia on Circulatory Glutathione Metabolism after Exercise in the Heat with Insights into the Role of Erythrocytes
description	Background: Reduced glutathione (GSH) is one of the main thiols involved in antioxidant defense. Changes in circulatory levels of GSH during exercise are associated with hyperthermia and dehydration. The mechanisms by which these alterations occur are not entirely known. We hypothesize that erythrocytes could be an important source of circulatory GSH during heat stress conditions. We performed two separate experiments to address this hypothesis. Methods: In the first experiment, we sought to investigate the impact of exercise in the heat and dehydration on erythrocyte levels of GSH. A total of 10 men performed 60 min of cycling at 60% VO<sub>2</sub>peak in the heat (38.0 ± 0.9 °C) or in a control temperate environment (23.0 ± 1.0 °C), both with and without dehydration. Relative humidity ranged from 50 to 70%. Blood samples were taken before and after exercise to measure GSH and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione. In the second experiment, erythrocytes were isolated from blood samples taken at rest and heated in vitro to determine the impact of heat on erythrocyte glutathione content. Tubes with erythrocytes were exposed to water baths at different temperatures; one tube was exposed to a water bath at 35 °C and the other tube to a water bath at 41 °C for a period of 30 min. After exposure to heat, plasma and erythrocytes were extracted for GSH and GSSG analyses. Results: Dehydration decreased circulatory GSH, regardless of ambient temperature (temperate and heat decreased 15.35% and 30.31%, respectively), resulting in an altered redox balance. Heat increased GSH levels in vitro. Conclusion: Our data suggest that dehydration decreases circulatory GSH levels regardless of environmental temperature. In addition, in vitro data suggests that erythrocytes may contribute to the release of GSH during exposure to heat stress.
format	article
author	Denise de Melo-Marins Juliano Boufleur Farinha Franccesco Pinto Boeno Alexandra Ferreira Vieira Samuel Vargas Munhoz Gabriela Cristina dos Santos Mauricio Krause Orlando Laitano Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira
author_facet	Denise de Melo-Marins Juliano Boufleur Farinha Franccesco Pinto Boeno Alexandra Ferreira Vieira Samuel Vargas Munhoz Gabriela Cristina dos Santos Mauricio Krause Orlando Laitano Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira
author_sort	Denise de Melo-Marins
title	The Impact of Dehydration and Hyperthermia on Circulatory Glutathione Metabolism after Exercise in the Heat with Insights into the Role of Erythrocytes
title_short	The Impact of Dehydration and Hyperthermia on Circulatory Glutathione Metabolism after Exercise in the Heat with Insights into the Role of Erythrocytes
title_full	The Impact of Dehydration and Hyperthermia on Circulatory Glutathione Metabolism after Exercise in the Heat with Insights into the Role of Erythrocytes
title_fullStr	The Impact of Dehydration and Hyperthermia on Circulatory Glutathione Metabolism after Exercise in the Heat with Insights into the Role of Erythrocytes
title_full_unstemmed	The Impact of Dehydration and Hyperthermia on Circulatory Glutathione Metabolism after Exercise in the Heat with Insights into the Role of Erythrocytes
title_sort	impact of dehydration and hyperthermia on circulatory glutathione metabolism after exercise in the heat with insights into the role of erythrocytes
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/cb05339ad8d44c59b4b2851cf00a6983
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The Impact of Dehydration and Hyperthermia on Circulatory Glutathione Metabolism after Exercise in the Heat with Insights into the Role of Erythrocytes

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