Evaluations of Commercial Sleep Technologies for Objective Monitoring During Routine Sleeping Conditions

Jason D Stone, 1 Lauren E Rentz, 1 Jillian Forsey, 1 Jad Ramadan, 1 Rachel R Markwald, 1, 2 Victor S Finomore Jnr, 1, 2 Scott M Galster, 1, 2 Ali Rezai, 1 Joshua A Hagen 1, 2 1Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; 2 Sleep, Tactical Efficiency, and Endur...

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Autores principales:	Stone JD, Rentz LE, Forsey J, Ramadan J, Markwald RR, Finomore Jnr VS, Galster SM, Rezai A, Hagen JA
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2020
Materias:	wearables consumer sleep technologies sleep duration sleep efficiency sleep stagingintroduction Psychiatry RC435-571 Neurophysiology and neuropsychology QP351-495
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/cb2a1ecea13348b9bb8c0bc059cf8b09
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:cb2a1ecea13348b9bb8c0bc059cf8b092021-12-02T12:54:43ZEvaluations of Commercial Sleep Technologies for Objective Monitoring During Routine Sleeping Conditions1179-1608https://doaj.org/article/cb2a1ecea13348b9bb8c0bc059cf8b092020-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/evaluations-of-commercial-sleep-technologies-for-objective-monitoring--peer-reviewed-article-NSShttps://doaj.org/toc/1179-1608Jason D Stone, 1 Lauren E Rentz, 1 Jillian Forsey, 1 Jad Ramadan, 1 Rachel R Markwald, 1, 2 Victor S Finomore Jnr, 1, 2 Scott M Galster, 1, 2 Ali Rezai, 1 Joshua A Hagen 1, 2 1Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; 2 Sleep, Tactical Efficiency, and Endurance Laboratory, Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USACorrespondence: Joshua A Hagen Tel +1 513-560-9879Email joshua.hagen@hsc.wvu.eduPurpose: The commercial market is saturated with technologies that claim to collect proficient, free-living sleep measurements despite a severe lack of independent third-party evaluations. Therefore, the present study evaluated the accuracy of various commercial sleep technologies during in-home sleeping conditions.Materials and Methods: Data collection spanned 98 separate nights of ad libitum sleep from five healthy adults. Prior to bedtime, participants utilized nine popular sleep devices while concurrently wearing a previously validated electroencephalography (EEG)-based device. Data collected from the commercial devices were extracted for later comparison against EEG to determine degrees of accuracy. Sleep and wake summary outcomes as well as sleep staging metrics were evaluated, where available, for each device.Results: Total sleep time (TST), total wake time (TWT), and sleep efficiency (SE) were measured with greater accuracy (lower percent errors) and limited bias by Fitbit Ionic [mean absolute percent error, bias (95% confidence interval); TST: 9.90%, 0.25 (− 0.11, 0.61); TWT: 25.64%, − 0.17 (− 0.28, − 0.06); SE: 3.49%, 0.65 (− 0.82, 2.12)] and Oura smart ring [TST: 7.39%, 0.19 (0.04, 0.35); TWT: 36.29%, − 0.18 (− 0.31, − 0.04); SE: 5.42%, 1.66 (0.17, 3.15)], whereas all other devices demonstrated a propensity to over or underestimate at least one if not all of the aforementioned sleep metrics. No commercial sleep technology appeared to accurately quantify sleep stages.Conclusion: Generally speaking, commercial sleep technologies displayed lower error and bias values when quantifying sleep/wake states as compared to sleep staging durations. Still, these findings revealed that there is a remarkably high degree of variability in the accuracy of commercial sleep technologies, which further emphasizes that continuous evaluations of newly developed sleep technologies are vital. End-users may then be able to determine more accurately which sleep device is most suited for their desired application(s).Keywords: wearables, consumer sleep technologies, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep stagingStone JDRentz LEForsey JRamadan JMarkwald RRFinomore Jnr VSGalster SMRezai AHagen JADove Medical Pressarticlewearablesconsumer sleep technologiessleep durationsleep efficiencysleep stagingintroductionPsychiatryRC435-571Neurophysiology and neuropsychologyQP351-495ENNature and Science of Sleep, Vol Volume 12, Pp 821-842 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	wearables consumer sleep technologies sleep duration sleep efficiency sleep stagingintroduction Psychiatry RC435-571 Neurophysiology and neuropsychology QP351-495
spellingShingle	wearables consumer sleep technologies sleep duration sleep efficiency sleep stagingintroduction Psychiatry RC435-571 Neurophysiology and neuropsychology QP351-495 Stone JD Rentz LE Forsey J Ramadan J Markwald RR Finomore Jnr VS Galster SM Rezai A Hagen JA Evaluations of Commercial Sleep Technologies for Objective Monitoring During Routine Sleeping Conditions
description	Jason D Stone, 1 Lauren E Rentz, 1 Jillian Forsey, 1 Jad Ramadan, 1 Rachel R Markwald, 1, 2 Victor S Finomore Jnr, 1, 2 Scott M Galster, 1, 2 Ali Rezai, 1 Joshua A Hagen 1, 2 1Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA; 2 Sleep, Tactical Efficiency, and Endurance Laboratory, Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USACorrespondence: Joshua A Hagen Tel +1 513-560-9879Email joshua.hagen@hsc.wvu.eduPurpose: The commercial market is saturated with technologies that claim to collect proficient, free-living sleep measurements despite a severe lack of independent third-party evaluations. Therefore, the present study evaluated the accuracy of various commercial sleep technologies during in-home sleeping conditions.Materials and Methods: Data collection spanned 98 separate nights of ad libitum sleep from five healthy adults. Prior to bedtime, participants utilized nine popular sleep devices while concurrently wearing a previously validated electroencephalography (EEG)-based device. Data collected from the commercial devices were extracted for later comparison against EEG to determine degrees of accuracy. Sleep and wake summary outcomes as well as sleep staging metrics were evaluated, where available, for each device.Results: Total sleep time (TST), total wake time (TWT), and sleep efficiency (SE) were measured with greater accuracy (lower percent errors) and limited bias by Fitbit Ionic [mean absolute percent error, bias (95% confidence interval); TST: 9.90%, 0.25 (− 0.11, 0.61); TWT: 25.64%, − 0.17 (− 0.28, − 0.06); SE: 3.49%, 0.65 (− 0.82, 2.12)] and Oura smart ring [TST: 7.39%, 0.19 (0.04, 0.35); TWT: 36.29%, − 0.18 (− 0.31, − 0.04); SE: 5.42%, 1.66 (0.17, 3.15)], whereas all other devices demonstrated a propensity to over or underestimate at least one if not all of the aforementioned sleep metrics. No commercial sleep technology appeared to accurately quantify sleep stages.Conclusion: Generally speaking, commercial sleep technologies displayed lower error and bias values when quantifying sleep/wake states as compared to sleep staging durations. Still, these findings revealed that there is a remarkably high degree of variability in the accuracy of commercial sleep technologies, which further emphasizes that continuous evaluations of newly developed sleep technologies are vital. End-users may then be able to determine more accurately which sleep device is most suited for their desired application(s).Keywords: wearables, consumer sleep technologies, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep staging
format	article
author	Stone JD Rentz LE Forsey J Ramadan J Markwald RR Finomore Jnr VS Galster SM Rezai A Hagen JA
author_facet	Stone JD Rentz LE Forsey J Ramadan J Markwald RR Finomore Jnr VS Galster SM Rezai A Hagen JA
author_sort	Stone JD
title	Evaluations of Commercial Sleep Technologies for Objective Monitoring During Routine Sleeping Conditions
title_short	Evaluations of Commercial Sleep Technologies for Objective Monitoring During Routine Sleeping Conditions
title_full	Evaluations of Commercial Sleep Technologies for Objective Monitoring During Routine Sleeping Conditions
title_fullStr	Evaluations of Commercial Sleep Technologies for Objective Monitoring During Routine Sleeping Conditions
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluations of Commercial Sleep Technologies for Objective Monitoring During Routine Sleeping Conditions
title_sort	evaluations of commercial sleep technologies for objective monitoring during routine sleeping conditions
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/cb2a1ecea13348b9bb8c0bc059cf8b09
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Evaluations of Commercial Sleep Technologies for Objective Monitoring During Routine Sleeping Conditions

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