Effectiveness of action to reduce exposure of free-ranging California condors in Arizona and Utah to lead from spent ammunition.

California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) released into the wild in Arizona ranged widely in Arizona and Utah. Previous studies have shown that the blood lead concentrations of many of the birds rise because of ingestion of spent lead ammunition. Condors were routinely recaptured and treated to r...

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Autores principales:	Rhys E Green, W Grainger Hunt, Christopher N Parish, Ian Newton
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2008
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/cb33898ce1174d4c9b1482cc98a20d49
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:cb33898ce1174d4c9b1482cc98a20d492021-11-25T06:18:02ZEffectiveness of action to reduce exposure of free-ranging California condors in Arizona and Utah to lead from spent ammunition.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0004022https://doaj.org/article/cb33898ce1174d4c9b1482cc98a20d492008-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/19107211/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) released into the wild in Arizona ranged widely in Arizona and Utah. Previous studies have shown that the blood lead concentrations of many of the birds rise because of ingestion of spent lead ammunition. Condors were routinely recaptured and treated to reduce their lead levels as necessary but, even so, several died from lead poisoning. We used tracking data from VHF and satellite tags, together with the results of routine testing of blood lead concentrations, to estimate daily changes in blood lead level in relation to the location of each bird. The mean daily increment in blood lead concentration depended upon both the location of the bird and the time of year. Birds that spent time during the deer hunting season in two areas in which deer were shot with lead ammunition (Kaibab Plateau (Arizona) and Zion (Utah)) were especially likely to have high blood lead levels. The influence upon blood lead level of presence in a particular area declined with time elapsed since the bird was last there. We estimated the daily blood lead level for each bird and its influence upon daily mortality rate from lead poisoning. Condors with high blood lead over a protracted period were much more likely to die than birds with low blood lead or short-term elevation. We simulated the effect of ending the existing lead exposure reduction measures at Kaibab Plateau, which encourage the voluntary use of non-lead ammunition and removal of gut piles of deer and elk killed using lead ammunition. The estimated mortality rate due to lead in the absence of this program was sufficiently high that the condor population would be expected to decline rapidly. The extension of the existing lead reduction program to cover Zion (Utah), as well as the Kaibab plateau, would be expected to reduce mortality caused by lead substantially and allow the condor population to increase.Rhys E GreenW Grainger HuntChristopher N ParishIan NewtonPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 3, Iss 12, p e4022 (2008)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Rhys E Green W Grainger Hunt Christopher N Parish Ian Newton Effectiveness of action to reduce exposure of free-ranging California condors in Arizona and Utah to lead from spent ammunition.
description	California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) released into the wild in Arizona ranged widely in Arizona and Utah. Previous studies have shown that the blood lead concentrations of many of the birds rise because of ingestion of spent lead ammunition. Condors were routinely recaptured and treated to reduce their lead levels as necessary but, even so, several died from lead poisoning. We used tracking data from VHF and satellite tags, together with the results of routine testing of blood lead concentrations, to estimate daily changes in blood lead level in relation to the location of each bird. The mean daily increment in blood lead concentration depended upon both the location of the bird and the time of year. Birds that spent time during the deer hunting season in two areas in which deer were shot with lead ammunition (Kaibab Plateau (Arizona) and Zion (Utah)) were especially likely to have high blood lead levels. The influence upon blood lead level of presence in a particular area declined with time elapsed since the bird was last there. We estimated the daily blood lead level for each bird and its influence upon daily mortality rate from lead poisoning. Condors with high blood lead over a protracted period were much more likely to die than birds with low blood lead or short-term elevation. We simulated the effect of ending the existing lead exposure reduction measures at Kaibab Plateau, which encourage the voluntary use of non-lead ammunition and removal of gut piles of deer and elk killed using lead ammunition. The estimated mortality rate due to lead in the absence of this program was sufficiently high that the condor population would be expected to decline rapidly. The extension of the existing lead reduction program to cover Zion (Utah), as well as the Kaibab plateau, would be expected to reduce mortality caused by lead substantially and allow the condor population to increase.
format	article
author	Rhys E Green W Grainger Hunt Christopher N Parish Ian Newton
author_facet	Rhys E Green W Grainger Hunt Christopher N Parish Ian Newton
author_sort	Rhys E Green
title	Effectiveness of action to reduce exposure of free-ranging California condors in Arizona and Utah to lead from spent ammunition.
title_short	Effectiveness of action to reduce exposure of free-ranging California condors in Arizona and Utah to lead from spent ammunition.
title_full	Effectiveness of action to reduce exposure of free-ranging California condors in Arizona and Utah to lead from spent ammunition.
title_fullStr	Effectiveness of action to reduce exposure of free-ranging California condors in Arizona and Utah to lead from spent ammunition.
title_full_unstemmed	Effectiveness of action to reduce exposure of free-ranging California condors in Arizona and Utah to lead from spent ammunition.
title_sort	effectiveness of action to reduce exposure of free-ranging california condors in arizona and utah to lead from spent ammunition.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2008
url	https://doaj.org/article/cb33898ce1174d4c9b1482cc98a20d49
work_keys_str_mv	AT rhysegreen effectivenessofactiontoreduceexposureoffreerangingcaliforniacondorsinarizonaandutahtoleadfromspentammunition AT wgraingerhunt effectivenessofactiontoreduceexposureoffreerangingcaliforniacondorsinarizonaandutahtoleadfromspentammunition AT christophernparish effectivenessofactiontoreduceexposureoffreerangingcaliforniacondorsinarizonaandutahtoleadfromspentammunition AT iannewton effectivenessofactiontoreduceexposureoffreerangingcaliforniacondorsinarizonaandutahtoleadfromspentammunition
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Effectiveness of action to reduce exposure of free-ranging California condors in Arizona and Utah to lead from spent ammunition.

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