Wide Area Uniform Illumination Scheme Using LED Matrix for Optogenetic Cardiac Pacing

Control of heart rhythm is vital in the case of arrhythmia. Cardiac optogenetics is a promising technique to replace electrical stimulation in a next generation of pacemakers and defibrillators. Therefore, further research towards optimizing light delivery methods is essential. A major requirement i...

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Autores principales:	Ida Izadi, Vanessa Dusend, Abdulaziz Takrouni, Noreen Nudds, Kamil Gradkowski, Peter O’Brien, Philipp Sasse, Brian Corbett
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	LED homogeneity cardiac pacing optogenetic QRS threshold Applied optics. Photonics TA1501-1820
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/cb71b45fe8f24d8f9b1e472af4830538
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:cb71b45fe8f24d8f9b1e472af48305382021-11-25T18:43:25ZWide Area Uniform Illumination Scheme Using LED Matrix for Optogenetic Cardiac Pacing10.3390/photonics81104992304-6732https://doaj.org/article/cb71b45fe8f24d8f9b1e472af48305382021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/8/11/499https://doaj.org/toc/2304-6732Control of heart rhythm is vital in the case of arrhythmia. Cardiac optogenetics is a promising technique to replace electrical stimulation in a next generation of pacemakers and defibrillators. Therefore, further research towards optimizing light delivery methods is essential. A major requirement is the uniform stimulation of all cells in the area of interest while reducing side effects such as photodamage. Here, a 2 × 2 blue (470 nm, InGaN-based) light-emitting diode (LED) optoelectronic module for uniform ex vivo cardiac muscle illumination is demonstrated. It satisfies two important requirements in optogenetics, which are high illumination homogeneity and high irradiance. CCD camera images show an average 90% homogeneity over the central illumination area of close to 38 mm<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> at 1 cm distance from the light source. The module is used to perform physiological experiments on channelrhodopsin 2-expressing Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts. Successful ventricular pacing is obtained for an optical power density threshold below 2 mW/mm<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> with light pulses as short as 1 ms. For 10 ms long pulses, the threshold was below 0.2 mW/mm<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>. The large homogeneous illumination area enabled optogenetic pacing with less than half the optical power of previous attempts with smaller areas of 2 mm<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and thus, presumably, will result in less phototoxicity.Ida IzadiVanessa DusendAbdulaziz TakrouniNoreen NuddsKamil GradkowskiPeter O’BrienPhilipp SasseBrian CorbettMDPI AGarticleLEDhomogeneitycardiac pacingoptogeneticQRSthresholdApplied optics. PhotonicsTA1501-1820ENPhotonics, Vol 8, Iss 499, p 499 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	LED homogeneity cardiac pacing optogenetic QRS threshold Applied optics. Photonics TA1501-1820
spellingShingle	LED homogeneity cardiac pacing optogenetic QRS threshold Applied optics. Photonics TA1501-1820 Ida Izadi Vanessa Dusend Abdulaziz Takrouni Noreen Nudds Kamil Gradkowski Peter O’Brien Philipp Sasse Brian Corbett Wide Area Uniform Illumination Scheme Using LED Matrix for Optogenetic Cardiac Pacing
description	Control of heart rhythm is vital in the case of arrhythmia. Cardiac optogenetics is a promising technique to replace electrical stimulation in a next generation of pacemakers and defibrillators. Therefore, further research towards optimizing light delivery methods is essential. A major requirement is the uniform stimulation of all cells in the area of interest while reducing side effects such as photodamage. Here, a 2 × 2 blue (470 nm, InGaN-based) light-emitting diode (LED) optoelectronic module for uniform ex vivo cardiac muscle illumination is demonstrated. It satisfies two important requirements in optogenetics, which are high illumination homogeneity and high irradiance. CCD camera images show an average 90% homogeneity over the central illumination area of close to 38 mm<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> at 1 cm distance from the light source. The module is used to perform physiological experiments on channelrhodopsin 2-expressing Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts. Successful ventricular pacing is obtained for an optical power density threshold below 2 mW/mm<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> with light pulses as short as 1 ms. For 10 ms long pulses, the threshold was below 0.2 mW/mm<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>. The large homogeneous illumination area enabled optogenetic pacing with less than half the optical power of previous attempts with smaller areas of 2 mm<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> and thus, presumably, will result in less phototoxicity.
format	article
author	Ida Izadi Vanessa Dusend Abdulaziz Takrouni Noreen Nudds Kamil Gradkowski Peter O’Brien Philipp Sasse Brian Corbett
author_facet	Ida Izadi Vanessa Dusend Abdulaziz Takrouni Noreen Nudds Kamil Gradkowski Peter O’Brien Philipp Sasse Brian Corbett
author_sort	Ida Izadi
title	Wide Area Uniform Illumination Scheme Using LED Matrix for Optogenetic Cardiac Pacing
title_short	Wide Area Uniform Illumination Scheme Using LED Matrix for Optogenetic Cardiac Pacing
title_full	Wide Area Uniform Illumination Scheme Using LED Matrix for Optogenetic Cardiac Pacing
title_fullStr	Wide Area Uniform Illumination Scheme Using LED Matrix for Optogenetic Cardiac Pacing
title_full_unstemmed	Wide Area Uniform Illumination Scheme Using LED Matrix for Optogenetic Cardiac Pacing
title_sort	wide area uniform illumination scheme using led matrix for optogenetic cardiac pacing
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/cb71b45fe8f24d8f9b1e472af4830538
work_keys_str_mv	AT idaizadi wideareauniformilluminationschemeusingledmatrixforoptogeneticcardiacpacing AT vanessadusend wideareauniformilluminationschemeusingledmatrixforoptogeneticcardiacpacing AT abdulaziztakrouni wideareauniformilluminationschemeusingledmatrixforoptogeneticcardiacpacing AT noreennudds wideareauniformilluminationschemeusingledmatrixforoptogeneticcardiacpacing AT kamilgradkowski wideareauniformilluminationschemeusingledmatrixforoptogeneticcardiacpacing AT peterobrien wideareauniformilluminationschemeusingledmatrixforoptogeneticcardiacpacing AT philippsasse wideareauniformilluminationschemeusingledmatrixforoptogeneticcardiacpacing AT briancorbett wideareauniformilluminationschemeusingledmatrixforoptogeneticcardiacpacing
_version_	1718410799813230592

Wide Area Uniform Illumination Scheme Using LED Matrix for Optogenetic Cardiac Pacing

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