In-Culture Selection and the Potential Effects of Changing Sex Ratios on the Reproductive Success of Multiannual Delayed Gametophytes of Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta

Multiannual delayed gametophyte cultures can stay vegetative for years, while also having the ability to grow. This study aims to investigate whether male and female multiannual delayed gametophyte strains of the species Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta...

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Autores principales:	Alexander P. J. Ebbing, Gregory S. Fivash, Nuria B. Martin, Ronald Pierik, Tjeerd J. Bouma, Jacco C. Kromkamp, Klaas Timmermans
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	delayed gametophytes reproduction gametophyte density sporophytes kelp aquaculture life cycle controls Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/cb9371d22b3d433b90e2f83e18292713
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:cb9371d22b3d433b90e2f83e182927132021-11-25T18:04:43ZIn-Culture Selection and the Potential Effects of Changing Sex Ratios on the Reproductive Success of Multiannual Delayed Gametophytes of <i>Saccharina latissima</i> and <i>Alaria esculenta</i>10.3390/jmse91112502077-1312https://doaj.org/article/cb9371d22b3d433b90e2f83e182927132021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/9/11/1250https://doaj.org/toc/2077-1312Multiannual delayed gametophyte cultures can stay vegetative for years, while also having the ability to grow. This study aims to investigate whether male and female multiannual delayed gametophyte strains of the species <i>Saccharina latissima</i> and <i>Alaria esculenta</i> grow at different rates in culture. We furthermore assessed how changing sex ratios can affect the reproductive yields of these cultures. The results indicate that the reproductive yield of cultures declines with decreasing male:female ratios, a correlation that becomes especially apparent at higher culture densities for both species. Female gametophyte densities in particular affected the observed reproductive yield of the cultures, with <i>S. latissima</i> cultures showing a clear reproductive optimum (sporophytes·mL<sup>−1</sup>) at 0.013 mg·mL<sup>−1</sup> DW female gametophyte biomass, while the reproductive success of <i>A. esculenta</i> peaked at a density of 0.025 mg·mL<sup>−1</sup> DW of female gametophyte biomass, after which the reproductive yield started to decline in both species. The results show that the sex ratio of a gametophyte culture is an important biotic life cycle control, with higher amounts of female gametophyte biomass halting gametophyte reproduction. Understanding how these changing sex ratios in gametophyte cultures affect reproduction is especially important in the aquaculture of kelp, where reliable preforming cultures are key to long-term success.Alexander P. J. EbbingGregory S. FivashNuria B. MartinRonald PierikTjeerd J. BoumaJacco C. KromkampKlaas TimmermansMDPI AGarticledelayed gametophytesreproductiongametophyte densitysporophyteskelp aquaculturelife cycle controlsNaval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineeringVM1-989OceanographyGC1-1581ENJournal of Marine Science and Engineering, Vol 9, Iss 1250, p 1250 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	delayed gametophytes reproduction gametophyte density sporophytes kelp aquaculture life cycle controls Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581
spellingShingle	delayed gametophytes reproduction gametophyte density sporophytes kelp aquaculture life cycle controls Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering VM1-989 Oceanography GC1-1581 Alexander P. J. Ebbing Gregory S. Fivash Nuria B. Martin Ronald Pierik Tjeerd J. Bouma Jacco C. Kromkamp Klaas Timmermans In-Culture Selection and the Potential Effects of Changing Sex Ratios on the Reproductive Success of Multiannual Delayed Gametophytes of <i>Saccharina latissima</i> and <i>Alaria esculenta</i>
description	Multiannual delayed gametophyte cultures can stay vegetative for years, while also having the ability to grow. This study aims to investigate whether male and female multiannual delayed gametophyte strains of the species <i>Saccharina latissima</i> and <i>Alaria esculenta</i> grow at different rates in culture. We furthermore assessed how changing sex ratios can affect the reproductive yields of these cultures. The results indicate that the reproductive yield of cultures declines with decreasing male:female ratios, a correlation that becomes especially apparent at higher culture densities for both species. Female gametophyte densities in particular affected the observed reproductive yield of the cultures, with <i>S. latissima</i> cultures showing a clear reproductive optimum (sporophytes·mL<sup>−1</sup>) at 0.013 mg·mL<sup>−1</sup> DW female gametophyte biomass, while the reproductive success of <i>A. esculenta</i> peaked at a density of 0.025 mg·mL<sup>−1</sup> DW of female gametophyte biomass, after which the reproductive yield started to decline in both species. The results show that the sex ratio of a gametophyte culture is an important biotic life cycle control, with higher amounts of female gametophyte biomass halting gametophyte reproduction. Understanding how these changing sex ratios in gametophyte cultures affect reproduction is especially important in the aquaculture of kelp, where reliable preforming cultures are key to long-term success.
format	article
author	Alexander P. J. Ebbing Gregory S. Fivash Nuria B. Martin Ronald Pierik Tjeerd J. Bouma Jacco C. Kromkamp Klaas Timmermans
author_facet	Alexander P. J. Ebbing Gregory S. Fivash Nuria B. Martin Ronald Pierik Tjeerd J. Bouma Jacco C. Kromkamp Klaas Timmermans
author_sort	Alexander P. J. Ebbing
title	In-Culture Selection and the Potential Effects of Changing Sex Ratios on the Reproductive Success of Multiannual Delayed Gametophytes of <i>Saccharina latissima</i> and <i>Alaria esculenta</i>
title_short	In-Culture Selection and the Potential Effects of Changing Sex Ratios on the Reproductive Success of Multiannual Delayed Gametophytes of <i>Saccharina latissima</i> and <i>Alaria esculenta</i>
title_full	In-Culture Selection and the Potential Effects of Changing Sex Ratios on the Reproductive Success of Multiannual Delayed Gametophytes of <i>Saccharina latissima</i> and <i>Alaria esculenta</i>
title_fullStr	In-Culture Selection and the Potential Effects of Changing Sex Ratios on the Reproductive Success of Multiannual Delayed Gametophytes of <i>Saccharina latissima</i> and <i>Alaria esculenta</i>
title_full_unstemmed	In-Culture Selection and the Potential Effects of Changing Sex Ratios on the Reproductive Success of Multiannual Delayed Gametophytes of <i>Saccharina latissima</i> and <i>Alaria esculenta</i>
title_sort	in-culture selection and the potential effects of changing sex ratios on the reproductive success of multiannual delayed gametophytes of <i>saccharina latissima</i> and <i>alaria esculenta</i>
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/cb9371d22b3d433b90e2f83e18292713
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In-Culture Selection and the Potential Effects of Changing Sex Ratios on the Reproductive Success of Multiannual Delayed Gametophytes of <i>Saccharina latissima</i> and <i>Alaria esculenta</i>

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