In vitro removal of toxic heavy metals by poly(&gamma;-glutamic acid)-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles

Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj,1 Bing-Huei Chen1,21Department of Food Science, 2Graduate Institute of Medicine, Fu Jen University, Taipei, TaiwanBackground: Chelation therapy involving organic chelators for treatment of heavy metal intoxication can cause cardiac arrest, kidney overload, mineral deficiency...

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Autores principales:	Inbaraj BS, Chen BH
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2012
Materias:	Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/cbc1798515434b2bb60f1385750193dd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:cbc1798515434b2bb60f1385750193dd2021-12-02T02:51:10ZIn vitro removal of toxic heavy metals by poly(&gamma;-glutamic acid)-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles1176-91141178-2013https://doaj.org/article/cbc1798515434b2bb60f1385750193dd2012-08-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.dovepress.com/in-vitro-removal-of-toxic-heavy-metals-by-polygamma-glutamic-acid-coat-a10659https://doaj.org/toc/1176-9114https://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj,1 Bing-Huei Chen1,21Department of Food Science, 2Graduate Institute of Medicine, Fu Jen University, Taipei, TaiwanBackground: Chelation therapy involving organic chelators for treatment of heavy metal intoxication can cause cardiac arrest, kidney overload, mineral deficiency, and anemia.Methods: In this study, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) modified with an edible biopolymer poly(&gamma;-glutamic acid) (PGA) were synthesized by coprecipitation method, characterized and evaluated for their removal efficiency of heavy metals from a metal solution, and simulated gastrointestinal fluid (SGIF).Results: Instrumental characterization of bare- and PGA-SPIONs revealed 7% coating of PGA on SPIONs with a spherical shape and an iron oxide spinel structure belonging to magnetite. The particle sizes as determined from transmission electron microscopy images were 8.5 and 11.7 nm for bare- and PGA-SPIONs, respectively, while the magnetization values were 70.3 and 61.5 emu/g. Upon coating with PGA, the zeta potentials were shifted from positive to negative at most of the environmental pH (3&ndash;8) and biological pH (1&ndash;8), implying good dispersion in aqueous suspension and favorable conditions for heavy metal removal. Batch studies showed rapid removal of lead and cadmium with the kinetic rates estimated by pseudo-second-order model being 0.212 and 0.424 g/mg&bull;min, respectively. A maximum removal occurred in the pH range 4&ndash;8 in deionized water and 5&ndash;8 in SGIF corresponding to most gastrointestinal pH except for the stomach. Addition of different ionic strengths (0.001&ndash;1 M sodium acetate) and essential metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca, and K) did not show any marked influence on lead removal by PGA-SPIONs, but significantly reduced the binding of cadmium. Compared to deionized water, the lead removal from SGIF was high at all pH with the Langmuir monolayer removal capacity being 98.70 mg/g for the former and 147.71 mg/g for the latter. However, a lower cadmium removal capacity was shown for SGIF (23.15 mg/g) than for deionized water (31.13 mg/g).Conclusion: These results suggest that PGA-SPIONs could be used as a metal chelator for clinical treatment of metal poisoning.Keywords: superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, poly(&gamma;-glutamic acid), heavy metals, chelation therapy, gastrointestinal pH, kineticsInbaraj BSChen BHDove Medical PressarticleMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol 2012, Iss default, Pp 4419-4432 (2012)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	Medicine (General) R5-920 Inbaraj BS Chen BH In vitro removal of toxic heavy metals by poly(&gamma;-glutamic acid)-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles
description	Baskaran Stephen Inbaraj,1 Bing-Huei Chen1,21Department of Food Science, 2Graduate Institute of Medicine, Fu Jen University, Taipei, TaiwanBackground: Chelation therapy involving organic chelators for treatment of heavy metal intoxication can cause cardiac arrest, kidney overload, mineral deficiency, and anemia.Methods: In this study, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) modified with an edible biopolymer poly(&gamma;-glutamic acid) (PGA) were synthesized by coprecipitation method, characterized and evaluated for their removal efficiency of heavy metals from a metal solution, and simulated gastrointestinal fluid (SGIF).Results: Instrumental characterization of bare- and PGA-SPIONs revealed 7% coating of PGA on SPIONs with a spherical shape and an iron oxide spinel structure belonging to magnetite. The particle sizes as determined from transmission electron microscopy images were 8.5 and 11.7 nm for bare- and PGA-SPIONs, respectively, while the magnetization values were 70.3 and 61.5 emu/g. Upon coating with PGA, the zeta potentials were shifted from positive to negative at most of the environmental pH (3&ndash;8) and biological pH (1&ndash;8), implying good dispersion in aqueous suspension and favorable conditions for heavy metal removal. Batch studies showed rapid removal of lead and cadmium with the kinetic rates estimated by pseudo-second-order model being 0.212 and 0.424 g/mg&bull;min, respectively. A maximum removal occurred in the pH range 4&ndash;8 in deionized water and 5&ndash;8 in SGIF corresponding to most gastrointestinal pH except for the stomach. Addition of different ionic strengths (0.001&ndash;1 M sodium acetate) and essential metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca, and K) did not show any marked influence on lead removal by PGA-SPIONs, but significantly reduced the binding of cadmium. Compared to deionized water, the lead removal from SGIF was high at all pH with the Langmuir monolayer removal capacity being 98.70 mg/g for the former and 147.71 mg/g for the latter. However, a lower cadmium removal capacity was shown for SGIF (23.15 mg/g) than for deionized water (31.13 mg/g).Conclusion: These results suggest that PGA-SPIONs could be used as a metal chelator for clinical treatment of metal poisoning.Keywords: superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, poly(&gamma;-glutamic acid), heavy metals, chelation therapy, gastrointestinal pH, kinetics
format	article
author	Inbaraj BS Chen BH
author_facet	Inbaraj BS Chen BH
author_sort	Inbaraj BS
title	In vitro removal of toxic heavy metals by poly(&gamma;-glutamic acid)-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles
title_short	In vitro removal of toxic heavy metals by poly(&gamma;-glutamic acid)-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles
title_full	In vitro removal of toxic heavy metals by poly(&gamma;-glutamic acid)-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles
title_fullStr	In vitro removal of toxic heavy metals by poly(&gamma;-glutamic acid)-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles
title_full_unstemmed	In vitro removal of toxic heavy metals by poly(&gamma;-glutamic acid)-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles
title_sort	in vitro removal of toxic heavy metals by poly(&gamma;-glutamic acid)-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2012
url	https://doaj.org/article/cbc1798515434b2bb60f1385750193dd
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In vitro removal of toxic heavy metals by poly(&amp;gamma;-glutamic acid)-coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles

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