Temperature warming strengthens the mutualism between ghost ants and invasive mealybugs

Abstract Although the exogenous forces that directly affect the mutualisms between ants and honeydew-producing hemipterans have been well documented, few studies have been focused on the impacts of environmental warming on ant-hemipteran interactions. Here, we investigated how temperature warming af...

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Autores principales:	Aiming Zhou, Xiaobin Qu, Lifan Shan, Xin Wang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2017
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/cc3032d2cd364f2e927d3bac221315c3
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:cc3032d2cd364f2e927d3bac221315c32021-12-02T16:05:59ZTemperature warming strengthens the mutualism between ghost ants and invasive mealybugs10.1038/s41598-017-01137-02045-2322https://doaj.org/article/cc3032d2cd364f2e927d3bac221315c32017-04-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01137-0https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Although the exogenous forces that directly affect the mutualisms between ants and honeydew-producing hemipterans have been well documented, few studies have been focused on the impacts of environmental warming on ant-hemipteran interactions. Here, we investigated how temperature warming affects the mutualism between ghost ant Tapinoma melanocephalum and invasive mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis by experimental manipulation of temperature. We found that higher temperatures have significant direct effects on the growth rate of mealybug colony, and the positive effect of ant tending on mealybug colony growth is temperature-dependent. Honeydew excretion by mealybugs was affected by ant tending and temperature warming, and was significantly increased under higher temperature. The effect of ant tending on percentage parasitism was also influenced by temperature warming. Ant performance including tending level, aggression, activity, and honeydew consumption was enhanced by temperature warming, which may provide superior protection to the mealybugs. Our results show that ghost ant-mealybug mutualism is strengthened in a warmer environment. These findings may facilitate the prediction of how each partner in the ant-hemipteran-enemy interactions responds to increasing temperature.Aiming ZhouXiaobin QuLifan ShanXin WangNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Aiming Zhou Xiaobin Qu Lifan Shan Xin Wang Temperature warming strengthens the mutualism between ghost ants and invasive mealybugs
description	Abstract Although the exogenous forces that directly affect the mutualisms between ants and honeydew-producing hemipterans have been well documented, few studies have been focused on the impacts of environmental warming on ant-hemipteran interactions. Here, we investigated how temperature warming affects the mutualism between ghost ant Tapinoma melanocephalum and invasive mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis by experimental manipulation of temperature. We found that higher temperatures have significant direct effects on the growth rate of mealybug colony, and the positive effect of ant tending on mealybug colony growth is temperature-dependent. Honeydew excretion by mealybugs was affected by ant tending and temperature warming, and was significantly increased under higher temperature. The effect of ant tending on percentage parasitism was also influenced by temperature warming. Ant performance including tending level, aggression, activity, and honeydew consumption was enhanced by temperature warming, which may provide superior protection to the mealybugs. Our results show that ghost ant-mealybug mutualism is strengthened in a warmer environment. These findings may facilitate the prediction of how each partner in the ant-hemipteran-enemy interactions responds to increasing temperature.
format	article
author	Aiming Zhou Xiaobin Qu Lifan Shan Xin Wang
author_facet	Aiming Zhou Xiaobin Qu Lifan Shan Xin Wang
author_sort	Aiming Zhou
title	Temperature warming strengthens the mutualism between ghost ants and invasive mealybugs
title_short	Temperature warming strengthens the mutualism between ghost ants and invasive mealybugs
title_full	Temperature warming strengthens the mutualism between ghost ants and invasive mealybugs
title_fullStr	Temperature warming strengthens the mutualism between ghost ants and invasive mealybugs
title_full_unstemmed	Temperature warming strengthens the mutualism between ghost ants and invasive mealybugs
title_sort	temperature warming strengthens the mutualism between ghost ants and invasive mealybugs
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/cc3032d2cd364f2e927d3bac221315c3
work_keys_str_mv	AT aimingzhou temperaturewarmingstrengthensthemutualismbetweenghostantsandinvasivemealybugs AT xiaobinqu temperaturewarmingstrengthensthemutualismbetweenghostantsandinvasivemealybugs AT lifanshan temperaturewarmingstrengthensthemutualismbetweenghostantsandinvasivemealybugs AT xinwang temperaturewarmingstrengthensthemutualismbetweenghostantsandinvasivemealybugs
_version_	1718385176129568768

Temperature warming strengthens the mutualism between ghost ants and invasive mealybugs

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