Spatial–temporal characterization of rainfall in Pakistan during the past half-century (1961–2020)

Abstract Spatial–temporal rainfall assessments are integral to climate/hydrological modeling, agricultural studies, and water resource planning and management. Herein, we evaluate spatial–temporal rainfall trends and patterns in Pakistan for 1961–2020 using nationwide data from 82 rainfall stations....

Descripción completa

Guardado en:

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales:	Ghaffar Ali, Muhammad Sajjad, Shamsa Kanwal, Tingyin Xiao, Shoaib Khalid, Fariha Shoaib, Hafiza Nayab Gul
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ccb7631ebe874df5a70578a123c06c31
Etiquetas:	Agregar Etiqueta Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!

id	oai:doaj.org-article:ccb7631ebe874df5a70578a123c06c31
record_format	dspace
spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ccb7631ebe874df5a70578a123c06c312021-12-02T16:36:13ZSpatial–temporal characterization of rainfall in Pakistan during the past half-century (1961–2020)10.1038/s41598-021-86412-x2045-2322https://doaj.org/article/ccb7631ebe874df5a70578a123c06c312021-03-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86412-xhttps://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Spatial–temporal rainfall assessments are integral to climate/hydrological modeling, agricultural studies, and water resource planning and management. Herein, we evaluate spatial–temporal rainfall trends and patterns in Pakistan for 1961–2020 using nationwide data from 82 rainfall stations. To assess optimal spatial distribution and rainfall characterization, twenty-seven interpolation techniques from geo-statistical and deterministic categories were systematically compared, revealing that the empirical Bayesian kriging regression prediction (EBKRP) technique was best. Hence, EBKRP was used to produce and utilize the first normal annual rainfall map of Pakistan for evaluating spatial rainfall patterns. While the largest under-prediction was estimated for Hunza (− 51%), the highest and lowest rainfalls were estimated for Malam Jaba in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (~ 1700 mm), and Nok-kundi in Balochistan province (~ 50 mm), respectively. A gradual south-to-north increase in rainfall was spatially evident with an areal average of 455 mm, while long-term temporal rainfall evaluation showed a statistically significant (p = 0.05) downward trend for Sindh province. Additionally, downward inter-decadal regime shifts were detected for the Punjab and Sindh provinces (90% confidence). These results are expected to help inform environmental planning in Pakistan; moreover, the rainfall data produced using the optimal method has further implications in several aforementioned fields.Ghaffar AliMuhammad SajjadShamsa KanwalTingyin XiaoShoaib KhalidFariha ShoaibHafiza Nayab GulNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-15 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Ghaffar Ali Muhammad Sajjad Shamsa Kanwal Tingyin Xiao Shoaib Khalid Fariha Shoaib Hafiza Nayab Gul Spatial–temporal characterization of rainfall in Pakistan during the past half-century (1961–2020)
description	Abstract Spatial–temporal rainfall assessments are integral to climate/hydrological modeling, agricultural studies, and water resource planning and management. Herein, we evaluate spatial–temporal rainfall trends and patterns in Pakistan for 1961–2020 using nationwide data from 82 rainfall stations. To assess optimal spatial distribution and rainfall characterization, twenty-seven interpolation techniques from geo-statistical and deterministic categories were systematically compared, revealing that the empirical Bayesian kriging regression prediction (EBKRP) technique was best. Hence, EBKRP was used to produce and utilize the first normal annual rainfall map of Pakistan for evaluating spatial rainfall patterns. While the largest under-prediction was estimated for Hunza (− 51%), the highest and lowest rainfalls were estimated for Malam Jaba in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (~ 1700 mm), and Nok-kundi in Balochistan province (~ 50 mm), respectively. A gradual south-to-north increase in rainfall was spatially evident with an areal average of 455 mm, while long-term temporal rainfall evaluation showed a statistically significant (p = 0.05) downward trend for Sindh province. Additionally, downward inter-decadal regime shifts were detected for the Punjab and Sindh provinces (90% confidence). These results are expected to help inform environmental planning in Pakistan; moreover, the rainfall data produced using the optimal method has further implications in several aforementioned fields.
format	article
author	Ghaffar Ali Muhammad Sajjad Shamsa Kanwal Tingyin Xiao Shoaib Khalid Fariha Shoaib Hafiza Nayab Gul
author_facet	Ghaffar Ali Muhammad Sajjad Shamsa Kanwal Tingyin Xiao Shoaib Khalid Fariha Shoaib Hafiza Nayab Gul
author_sort	Ghaffar Ali
title	Spatial–temporal characterization of rainfall in Pakistan during the past half-century (1961–2020)
title_short	Spatial–temporal characterization of rainfall in Pakistan during the past half-century (1961–2020)
title_full	Spatial–temporal characterization of rainfall in Pakistan during the past half-century (1961–2020)
title_fullStr	Spatial–temporal characterization of rainfall in Pakistan during the past half-century (1961–2020)
title_full_unstemmed	Spatial–temporal characterization of rainfall in Pakistan during the past half-century (1961–2020)
title_sort	spatial–temporal characterization of rainfall in pakistan during the past half-century (1961–2020)
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ccb7631ebe874df5a70578a123c06c31
work_keys_str_mv	AT ghaffarali spatialtemporalcharacterizationofrainfallinpakistanduringthepasthalfcentury19612020 AT muhammadsajjad spatialtemporalcharacterizationofrainfallinpakistanduringthepasthalfcentury19612020 AT shamsakanwal spatialtemporalcharacterizationofrainfallinpakistanduringthepasthalfcentury19612020 AT tingyinxiao spatialtemporalcharacterizationofrainfallinpakistanduringthepasthalfcentury19612020 AT shoaibkhalid spatialtemporalcharacterizationofrainfallinpakistanduringthepasthalfcentury19612020 AT farihashoaib spatialtemporalcharacterizationofrainfallinpakistanduringthepasthalfcentury19612020 AT hafizanayabgul spatialtemporalcharacterizationofrainfallinpakistanduringthepasthalfcentury19612020
_version_	1718383659752357888

Spatial–temporal characterization of rainfall in Pakistan during the past half-century (1961–2020)

Ejemplares similares