Glycogen–gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin

Raghuram Kandimalla,1 Suvakanta Dash,2 Ashim Chandra Bhowal,3 Sanjeeb Kalita,1 Narayan Chandra Talukdar,1 Sarathi Kundu,3 Jibon Kotoky1,4 1Drug Discovery Lab, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, 2Girijananda Choudhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3Soft Nano Laboratory, I...

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Autores principales:	Kandimalla R, Dash S, Bhowal AC, Kalita S, Talukdar NC, Kundu S, Kotoky J
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2017
Materias:	silymarin gold - glycogen nanohybrid potent hepatoprotection. Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/cd22630494a2412a8f8d0d6fc1e5d954
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:cd22630494a2412a8f8d0d6fc1e5d9542021-12-02T01:32:49ZGlycogen–gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/cd22630494a2412a8f8d0d6fc1e5d9542017-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/glycogen-gold-nanohybrid-escalates-the-potency-of-silymarin-peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Raghuram Kandimalla,1 Suvakanta Dash,2 Ashim Chandra Bhowal,3 Sanjeeb Kalita,1 Narayan Chandra Talukdar,1 Sarathi Kundu,3 Jibon Kotoky1,4 1Drug Discovery Lab, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, 2Girijananda Choudhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3Soft Nano Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, 4National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India Abstract: In this study, a glycogen–gold nanohybrid was fabricated to enhance the potency of a promising hepatoprotective agent silymarin (Sly) by improving its solubility and gut permeation. By utilizing a facile green chemistry approach, biogenic gold nanoparticles were synthesized from Annona reticulata leaf phytoconstituents in combination with Sly (SGNPs). Further, the SGNPs were aggregated in glycogen biopolymer to yield the therapeutic nanohybrids (GSGNPs). Transmission electron microscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the successful formation and conjugation of both SGNPs and GSGNPs. The fabricated nanohybrids showed significant protection against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in Wistar rats and maintained natural antioxidant (superoxide dismutase and catalase) levels. Animals treated with GSGNPs (10 mg/kg) and SGNPs (20 mg/kg) retained usual hepatic functions with routine levels of hepatobiliary enzymes (aspartate transferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase) and inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) with minimal lipid peroxidation, whereas those treated with 100 mg/kg of Sly showed the similar effect. These results were also supported by histopathology of the livers where pronounced hepatoprotection with normal hepatic physiology and negligible inflammatory infiltrate were observed. Significant higher plasma Cmax supported the enhanced bioavailability of Sly upon GSGNPs treatment compared to SGNPs and free Sly. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry analysis also substantiated the efficient delivery of GSGNPs over SGNPs. The fabricated therapeutic nanohybrids were also found to be biocompatible toward human erythrocytes and L929 mouse fibroblast cells. Overall, due to increased solubility, bioavailability and profuse gut absorption; GSGNPs demonstrated tenfold enhanced potency compared to free Sly. Keywords: silymarin, Annona reticulata, glycogen–gold, nanohybrid, potency, hepatoprotectionKandimalla RDash SBhowal ACKalita STalukdar NCKundu SKotoky JDove Medical Pressarticlesilymaringold - glycogennanohybridpotenthepatoprotection.Medicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol Volume 12, Pp 7025-7038 (2017)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	silymarin gold - glycogen nanohybrid potent hepatoprotection. Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	silymarin gold - glycogen nanohybrid potent hepatoprotection. Medicine (General) R5-920 Kandimalla R Dash S Bhowal AC Kalita S Talukdar NC Kundu S Kotoky J Glycogen–gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin
description	Raghuram Kandimalla,1 Suvakanta Dash,2 Ashim Chandra Bhowal,3 Sanjeeb Kalita,1 Narayan Chandra Talukdar,1 Sarathi Kundu,3 Jibon Kotoky1,4 1Drug Discovery Lab, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, 2Girijananda Choudhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3Soft Nano Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, 4National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India Abstract: In this study, a glycogen–gold nanohybrid was fabricated to enhance the potency of a promising hepatoprotective agent silymarin (Sly) by improving its solubility and gut permeation. By utilizing a facile green chemistry approach, biogenic gold nanoparticles were synthesized from Annona reticulata leaf phytoconstituents in combination with Sly (SGNPs). Further, the SGNPs were aggregated in glycogen biopolymer to yield the therapeutic nanohybrids (GSGNPs). Transmission electron microscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed the successful formation and conjugation of both SGNPs and GSGNPs. The fabricated nanohybrids showed significant protection against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in Wistar rats and maintained natural antioxidant (superoxide dismutase and catalase) levels. Animals treated with GSGNPs (10 mg/kg) and SGNPs (20 mg/kg) retained usual hepatic functions with routine levels of hepatobiliary enzymes (aspartate transferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase) and inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α) with minimal lipid peroxidation, whereas those treated with 100 mg/kg of Sly showed the similar effect. These results were also supported by histopathology of the livers where pronounced hepatoprotection with normal hepatic physiology and negligible inflammatory infiltrate were observed. Significant higher plasma Cmax supported the enhanced bioavailability of Sly upon GSGNPs treatment compared to SGNPs and free Sly. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry analysis also substantiated the efficient delivery of GSGNPs over SGNPs. The fabricated therapeutic nanohybrids were also found to be biocompatible toward human erythrocytes and L929 mouse fibroblast cells. Overall, due to increased solubility, bioavailability and profuse gut absorption; GSGNPs demonstrated tenfold enhanced potency compared to free Sly. Keywords: silymarin, Annona reticulata, glycogen–gold, nanohybrid, potency, hepatoprotection
format	article
author	Kandimalla R Dash S Bhowal AC Kalita S Talukdar NC Kundu S Kotoky J
author_facet	Kandimalla R Dash S Bhowal AC Kalita S Talukdar NC Kundu S Kotoky J
author_sort	Kandimalla R
title	Glycogen–gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin
title_short	Glycogen–gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin
title_full	Glycogen–gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin
title_fullStr	Glycogen–gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin
title_full_unstemmed	Glycogen–gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin
title_sort	glycogen–gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2017
url	https://doaj.org/article/cd22630494a2412a8f8d0d6fc1e5d954
work_keys_str_mv	AT kandimallar glycogenndashgoldnanohybridescalatesthepotencyofsilymarin AT dashs glycogenndashgoldnanohybridescalatesthepotencyofsilymarin AT bhowalac glycogenndashgoldnanohybridescalatesthepotencyofsilymarin AT kalitas glycogenndashgoldnanohybridescalatesthepotencyofsilymarin AT talukdarnc glycogenndashgoldnanohybridescalatesthepotencyofsilymarin AT kundus glycogenndashgoldnanohybridescalatesthepotencyofsilymarin AT kotokyj glycogenndashgoldnanohybridescalatesthepotencyofsilymarin
_version_	1718403041004093440

Glycogen&ndash;gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin

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Glycogen–gold nanohybrid escalates the potency of silymarin