Risk Assessment and Air Quality Study during Different Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in an Urban Area of Klang Valley, Malaysia
Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had both positive and negative impacts on humans and the environment. In general, a positive impact can be seen on the environment, especially in regard to air quality. This positive impact on air quality around the world is a result of movement control orders (MC...
Guardado en:
| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Formato: | article |
| Lenguaje: | EN |
| Publicado: |
MDPI AG
2021
|
| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://doaj.org/article/cd3f451c2bba43808b7fa4a717b2f740 |
| Etiquetas: |
Agregar Etiqueta
Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!
|
| id |
oai:doaj.org-article:cd3f451c2bba43808b7fa4a717b2f740 |
|---|---|
| record_format |
dspace |
| institution |
DOAJ |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
EN |
| topic |
movement control orders (MCO) phases air quality low-cost air quality sensor (LAQS) Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 |
| spellingShingle |
movement control orders (MCO) phases air quality low-cost air quality sensor (LAQS) Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir Mohd Zaim Mohd Nor Mohd Fadzil Firdzaus Mohd Nor Muhamad Ikram A Wahab Sawal Hamid Md Ali Muhsin Kolapo Otuyo Mohd Aftar Abu Bakar Lip Huat Saw Shubhankar Majumdar Maggie Chel Gee Ooi Faizal Mohamed Badrul Akmal Hisham Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid Zaki Khaslan Noratiqah Mohd Ariff Johary Anuar Gee Ren Tok Nurul Asyikin Ya’akop Mai’izzati Mohd Meswan Risk Assessment and Air Quality Study during Different Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in an Urban Area of Klang Valley, Malaysia |
| description |
Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had both positive and negative impacts on humans and the environment. In general, a positive impact can be seen on the environment, especially in regard to air quality. This positive impact on air quality around the world is a result of movement control orders (MCO) or lockdowns, which were carried out to reduce the cases of COVID-19 around the world. Nevertheless, data on the effects on air quality both during and post lockdown at local scales are still sparse. Here, we investigate changes in air quality during normal days, the MCOs (MCO 1, 2 and 3) and post MCOs, namely the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) and the Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO) in the Klang Valley region. In this study, we used the air sensor network <i>AiRBOXSense</i> that measures carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) and particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>) at Petaling Jaya South (PJS), Kelana Jaya (KJ) and Kota Damansara (KD). The results showed that the daily average concentrations of CO and NO<sub>2</sub> mostly decreased in the order of normal days > MCO (MCO 1, 2 and 3) > CMCO > RMCO. PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> showed a decrease from the MCO to RMCO. PJS showed that air pollutant concentrations decreased from normal days to the lockdown phases. This clearly shows the effects of ‘work from home’ orders at all places in the PJS city. The greatest percentage reductions in air pollutants were observed during the change from normal days to MCO 1 (24% to 64%), while during MCO 1 to MCO 2, the concentrations were slightly increased during the changes of the lockdown phase, except for SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> over PJS. In KJ, most of the air pollutants decreased from MCO 1 to MCO 3 except for CO. However, the percentage reduction and increments of the gas pollutants were not consistent during the different phases of lockdown, and this effect was due to the sensor location—only 20 m from the main highway (vehicle emissions). The patterns of air pollutant concentrations over the KD site were similar to the PJS site; however, the percentage reduction and increases of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub> and CO were not consistent. We believe that local burning was the main contribution to these unstable patterns during the lockdown period. The cause of these different changes in concentrations may be due to the relaxation phases during the lockdown at each station, where most of the common activities, such as commuting and industrial activities changed in frequency from the MCO, CMCO and RMCO. Wind direction also affected the concentrations, for example, during the CMCO and RMCO, most of the pollutants were blowing in from the Southeast region, which mostly consists of a city center and industrial areas. There was a weak correlation between air pollutants and the temperature and relative humidity at all stations. Health risk assessment analysis showed that non-carcinogenic risk health quotient (HQ) values for the pollutants at all stations were less than 1, suggesting unlikely non-carcinogenic effects, except for SO<sub>2</sub> (HQ > 1) in KJ. The air quality information showed that reductions in air pollutants can be achieved if traffic and industry emissions are strictly controlled. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir Mohd Zaim Mohd Nor Mohd Fadzil Firdzaus Mohd Nor Muhamad Ikram A Wahab Sawal Hamid Md Ali Muhsin Kolapo Otuyo Mohd Aftar Abu Bakar Lip Huat Saw Shubhankar Majumdar Maggie Chel Gee Ooi Faizal Mohamed Badrul Akmal Hisham Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid Zaki Khaslan Noratiqah Mohd Ariff Johary Anuar Gee Ren Tok Nurul Asyikin Ya’akop Mai’izzati Mohd Meswan |
| author_facet |
Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir Mohd Zaim Mohd Nor Mohd Fadzil Firdzaus Mohd Nor Muhamad Ikram A Wahab Sawal Hamid Md Ali Muhsin Kolapo Otuyo Mohd Aftar Abu Bakar Lip Huat Saw Shubhankar Majumdar Maggie Chel Gee Ooi Faizal Mohamed Badrul Akmal Hisham Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid Zaki Khaslan Noratiqah Mohd Ariff Johary Anuar Gee Ren Tok Nurul Asyikin Ya’akop Mai’izzati Mohd Meswan |
| author_sort |
Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir |
| title |
Risk Assessment and Air Quality Study during Different Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in an Urban Area of Klang Valley, Malaysia |
| title_short |
Risk Assessment and Air Quality Study during Different Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in an Urban Area of Klang Valley, Malaysia |
| title_full |
Risk Assessment and Air Quality Study during Different Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in an Urban Area of Klang Valley, Malaysia |
| title_fullStr |
Risk Assessment and Air Quality Study during Different Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in an Urban Area of Klang Valley, Malaysia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Risk Assessment and Air Quality Study during Different Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in an Urban Area of Klang Valley, Malaysia |
| title_sort |
risk assessment and air quality study during different phases of covid-19 lockdown in an urban area of klang valley, malaysia |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/cd3f451c2bba43808b7fa4a717b2f740 |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT mohdshahrulmohdnadzir riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT mohdzaimmohdnor riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT mohdfadzilfirdzausmohdnor riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT muhamadikramawahab riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT sawalhamidmdali riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT muhsinkolapootuyo riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT mohdaftarabubakar riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT liphuatsaw riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT shubhankarmajumdar riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT maggiechelgeeooi riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT faizalmohamed riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT badrulakmalhisham riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT harishafizalabdhamid riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT zakikhaslan riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT noratiqahmohdariff riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT joharyanuar riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT geerentok riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT nurulasyikinyaakop riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia AT maiizzatimohdmeswan riskassessmentandairqualitystudyduringdifferentphasesofcovid19lockdowninanurbanareaofklangvalleymalaysia |
| _version_ |
1718431437240139776 |
| spelling |
oai:doaj.org-article:cd3f451c2bba43808b7fa4a717b2f7402021-11-11T19:48:05ZRisk Assessment and Air Quality Study during Different Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in an Urban Area of Klang Valley, Malaysia10.3390/su1321122172071-1050https://doaj.org/article/cd3f451c2bba43808b7fa4a717b2f7402021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/21/12217https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had both positive and negative impacts on humans and the environment. In general, a positive impact can be seen on the environment, especially in regard to air quality. This positive impact on air quality around the world is a result of movement control orders (MCO) or lockdowns, which were carried out to reduce the cases of COVID-19 around the world. Nevertheless, data on the effects on air quality both during and post lockdown at local scales are still sparse. Here, we investigate changes in air quality during normal days, the MCOs (MCO 1, 2 and 3) and post MCOs, namely the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) and the Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO) in the Klang Valley region. In this study, we used the air sensor network <i>AiRBOXSense</i> that measures carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>), sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>) and particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub>) at Petaling Jaya South (PJS), Kelana Jaya (KJ) and Kota Damansara (KD). The results showed that the daily average concentrations of CO and NO<sub>2</sub> mostly decreased in the order of normal days > MCO (MCO 1, 2 and 3) > CMCO > RMCO. PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> showed a decrease from the MCO to RMCO. PJS showed that air pollutant concentrations decreased from normal days to the lockdown phases. This clearly shows the effects of ‘work from home’ orders at all places in the PJS city. The greatest percentage reductions in air pollutants were observed during the change from normal days to MCO 1 (24% to 64%), while during MCO 1 to MCO 2, the concentrations were slightly increased during the changes of the lockdown phase, except for SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> over PJS. In KJ, most of the air pollutants decreased from MCO 1 to MCO 3 except for CO. However, the percentage reduction and increments of the gas pollutants were not consistent during the different phases of lockdown, and this effect was due to the sensor location—only 20 m from the main highway (vehicle emissions). The patterns of air pollutant concentrations over the KD site were similar to the PJS site; however, the percentage reduction and increases of PM<sub>2.5</sub>, O<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub> and CO were not consistent. We believe that local burning was the main contribution to these unstable patterns during the lockdown period. The cause of these different changes in concentrations may be due to the relaxation phases during the lockdown at each station, where most of the common activities, such as commuting and industrial activities changed in frequency from the MCO, CMCO and RMCO. Wind direction also affected the concentrations, for example, during the CMCO and RMCO, most of the pollutants were blowing in from the Southeast region, which mostly consists of a city center and industrial areas. There was a weak correlation between air pollutants and the temperature and relative humidity at all stations. Health risk assessment analysis showed that non-carcinogenic risk health quotient (HQ) values for the pollutants at all stations were less than 1, suggesting unlikely non-carcinogenic effects, except for SO<sub>2</sub> (HQ > 1) in KJ. The air quality information showed that reductions in air pollutants can be achieved if traffic and industry emissions are strictly controlled.Mohd Shahrul Mohd NadzirMohd Zaim Mohd NorMohd Fadzil Firdzaus Mohd NorMuhamad Ikram A WahabSawal Hamid Md AliMuhsin Kolapo OtuyoMohd Aftar Abu BakarLip Huat SawShubhankar MajumdarMaggie Chel Gee OoiFaizal MohamedBadrul Akmal HishamHaris Hafizal Abd HamidZaki KhaslanNoratiqah Mohd AriffJohary AnuarGee Ren TokNurul Asyikin Ya’akopMai’izzati Mohd MeswanMDPI AGarticlemovement control orders (MCO) phasesair qualitylow-cost air quality sensor (LAQS)Environmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 12217, p 12217 (2021) |