Antimony and Nickel Impurities in Blue and Green Copper Pigments

Impurities in paint layers executed with green and blue copper pigments, although relatively common, have been studied only little to date. Yet, their proper identification is a powerful tool for classification of paintings, and, potentially, for future provenance studies. In this paper, we present...

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Autores principales:	Sylwia Svorová Pawełkowicz, Barbara Wagner, Jakub Kotowski, Grażyna Zofia Żukowska, Bożena Gołębiowska, Rafał Siuda, Petras Jokubauskas
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	copper pigments (azurite malachite) impurities/admixtures antimony nickel provenance studies Mineralogy QE351-399.2
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/ce764e843bfe47bab15352e10be708df
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:ce764e843bfe47bab15352e10be708df2021-11-25T18:26:30ZAntimony and Nickel Impurities in Blue and Green Copper Pigments10.3390/min111112362075-163Xhttps://doaj.org/article/ce764e843bfe47bab15352e10be708df2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/11/11/1236https://doaj.org/toc/2075-163XImpurities in paint layers executed with green and blue copper pigments, although relatively common, have been studied only little to date. Yet, their proper identification is a powerful tool for classification of paintings, and, potentially, for future provenance studies. In this paper, we present analyses of copper pigments layers from wall paintings situated in the vicinity of copper ore deposits (the palace in Kielce, the palace in Ciechanowice, and the parish church in Chotków) located within the contemporary borders of Poland. We compare the results with the analyses of copper minerals from three deposits, two local, and one historically important for the supply of copper in Europe, i.e., Miedzianka in the Holy Cross Mountains, Miedzianka in the Sudetes, and, as a reference, Špania Dolina in the Slovakian Low Tatra. Optical (OM) and electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) have been used for a detailed investigation of the minute grains. Special attention has been devoted to antimony and nickel phases, as more unusual than the commonly described iron oxides. Analyses of minerals from the deposits helped to interpret the results obtained from the paint samples. For the first time, quantitative analyses of copper pigments’ impurities have been described.Sylwia Svorová PawełkowiczBarbara WagnerJakub KotowskiGrażyna Zofia ŻukowskaBożena GołębiowskaRafał SiudaPetras JokubauskasMDPI AGarticlecopper pigments (azuritemalachite)impurities/admixturesantimonynickelprovenance studiesMineralogyQE351-399.2ENMinerals, Vol 11, Iss 1236, p 1236 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	copper pigments (azurite malachite) impurities/admixtures antimony nickel provenance studies Mineralogy QE351-399.2
spellingShingle	copper pigments (azurite malachite) impurities/admixtures antimony nickel provenance studies Mineralogy QE351-399.2 Sylwia Svorová Pawełkowicz Barbara Wagner Jakub Kotowski Grażyna Zofia Żukowska Bożena Gołębiowska Rafał Siuda Petras Jokubauskas Antimony and Nickel Impurities in Blue and Green Copper Pigments
description	Impurities in paint layers executed with green and blue copper pigments, although relatively common, have been studied only little to date. Yet, their proper identification is a powerful tool for classification of paintings, and, potentially, for future provenance studies. In this paper, we present analyses of copper pigments layers from wall paintings situated in the vicinity of copper ore deposits (the palace in Kielce, the palace in Ciechanowice, and the parish church in Chotków) located within the contemporary borders of Poland. We compare the results with the analyses of copper minerals from three deposits, two local, and one historically important for the supply of copper in Europe, i.e., Miedzianka in the Holy Cross Mountains, Miedzianka in the Sudetes, and, as a reference, Špania Dolina in the Slovakian Low Tatra. Optical (OM) and electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) have been used for a detailed investigation of the minute grains. Special attention has been devoted to antimony and nickel phases, as more unusual than the commonly described iron oxides. Analyses of minerals from the deposits helped to interpret the results obtained from the paint samples. For the first time, quantitative analyses of copper pigments’ impurities have been described.
format	article
author	Sylwia Svorová Pawełkowicz Barbara Wagner Jakub Kotowski Grażyna Zofia Żukowska Bożena Gołębiowska Rafał Siuda Petras Jokubauskas
author_facet	Sylwia Svorová Pawełkowicz Barbara Wagner Jakub Kotowski Grażyna Zofia Żukowska Bożena Gołębiowska Rafał Siuda Petras Jokubauskas
author_sort	Sylwia Svorová Pawełkowicz
title	Antimony and Nickel Impurities in Blue and Green Copper Pigments
title_short	Antimony and Nickel Impurities in Blue and Green Copper Pigments
title_full	Antimony and Nickel Impurities in Blue and Green Copper Pigments
title_fullStr	Antimony and Nickel Impurities in Blue and Green Copper Pigments
title_full_unstemmed	Antimony and Nickel Impurities in Blue and Green Copper Pigments
title_sort	antimony and nickel impurities in blue and green copper pigments
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/ce764e843bfe47bab15352e10be708df
work_keys_str_mv	AT sylwiasvorovapawełkowicz antimonyandnickelimpuritiesinblueandgreencopperpigments AT barbarawagner antimonyandnickelimpuritiesinblueandgreencopperpigments AT jakubkotowski antimonyandnickelimpuritiesinblueandgreencopperpigments AT grazynazofiazukowska antimonyandnickelimpuritiesinblueandgreencopperpigments AT bozenagołebiowska antimonyandnickelimpuritiesinblueandgreencopperpigments AT rafałsiuda antimonyandnickelimpuritiesinblueandgreencopperpigments AT petrasjokubauskas antimonyandnickelimpuritiesinblueandgreencopperpigments
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Antimony and Nickel Impurities in Blue and Green Copper Pigments

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